SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Solar System</title>

</head>

Solar System

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Solar_System_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Solar System (disambiguation)">Solar System (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Solar System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; padding:2px 0 4px 0;">The <a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="Planets_of_the_solar_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets of the solar system">planets, moons and dwarf planets</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (true color, size to scale, distances not to scale)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Age</th><td class="infobox-data">4.568 billion years<a href="#cite_note-AgeSolarSystem-2">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a></li><li><a href="Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a><a href="#cite_note-JPL_interstellar-3">[1]</a></li><li><a href="Orion%E2%80%93Cygnus_Arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion–Cygnus Arm">Orion–Cygnus Arm</a></li><li><a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Nearest star</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a></li><li> (4.2465 <a href="Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a>)<a href="#cite_note-lurie2014-5">[D 1]</a></li><li><a href="Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a></li><li> (4.36 ly)<a href="#cite_note-RECONS-6">[D 2]</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#efefef">Population</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Stars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Planets</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li>

<li><a href="Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li>

<li><a href="Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Known <a href="Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li>

<li><a href="Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li>

<li><a href="Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li>

<li><a href="Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li>

<li> <a href="List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">more candidates...</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Known <a href="Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">758<a href="#cite_note-JPLbodies-7">[D 3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Known <a href="Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,368,528<a href="#cite_note-MPCSummary-8">[D 4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Known <a href="Comet" title="Comet">comets</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,591<a href="#cite_note-MPCSummary-8">[D 4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#efefef">Planetary system</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Star spectral type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G2V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost line</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~5 AU<a href="#cite_note-Mumma-12">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">Semi-major axis</a> of outermost planet</th><td class="infobox-data">30.07 AU<a href="#cite_note-Horizons-9">[D 5]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50–70 AU<a href="#cite_note-twotino-10">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-KuiperGap-11">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">Heliopause</a></th><td class="infobox-data">detected at 120 AU<a href="#cite_note-heliopause-13">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.1 pc (230,000 AU)<a href="#cite_note-Chebotarev-14">[7]</a> – 0.865 pc (178,419 AU)<a href="#cite_note-15">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#efefef">Orbit about <a href="Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">Invariable</a>-to-<a href="Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">galactic plane</a> inclination</th><td class="infobox-data">~60°, to the ecliptic<a href="#cite_note-angle-16">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Distance to Galactic Center</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">24,000–28,000 ly</div><a href="#cite_note-francis14-17">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Orbital speed</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">720,000 km/h (450,000 mi/h)<a href="#cite_note-roughfactsofthesun-18">[10]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding:0.2em 0.5em 0 0.1em;line-height:1.2em;">Orbital period</th><td class="infobox-data">~230 <a href="Million_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Million year">million years</a><a href="#cite_note-roughfactsofthesun-18">[10]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The Solar System<a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> consists of the Sun and the objects that <a href="Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> it.<a href="#cite_note-IAU_Office_of_Astronomy_for_Education_y607-20">[11]</a> The name comes from Sōl, the Latin name for the <a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k349-21">[12]</a> It <a href="Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">formed about 4.6 billion years ago</a> when a dense region of a <a href="Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular cloud</a> collapsed, creating the Sun and a <a href="Protoplanetary_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoplanetary disc">protoplanetary disc</a> from which the orbiting bodies assembled. The <a href="Thermonuclear_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">fusion</a> of hydrogen into helium inside the Sun's <a href="Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">core</a> releases energy, which is primarily emitted through its outer <a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a>. This creates a decreasing temperature <a href="Gradient" title="Gradient">gradient</a> across the system. Over 99.86% of the Solar System's mass is located within the Sun.

The <a href="List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">most massive objects that orbit the Sun</a> are the eight <a href="Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>. Closest to the Sun in order of increasing distance are the four <a href="Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> – <a href="Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and <a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Only the Earth and Mars orbit within the Sun's <a href="Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a>, where liquid water can exist on the surface. Beyond the <a href="Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">frost line</a> at about five <a href="Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (AU),<a href="#cite_note-23">[e]</a> are two <a href="Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a> – <a href="Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> – and two <a href="Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giants</a> – <a href="Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>. Jupiter and Saturn possess nearly 90% of the non-stellar mass of the Solar System.

There are a vast number of less massive objects. There is a strong consensus among astronomers that the Solar System has at least nine <a href="Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a>: <a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, <a href="Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a>, <a href="Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, <a href="Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>, <a href="Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, <a href="Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a>, <a href="Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a>, <a href="Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, and <a href="Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[f]</a> Six planets, seven dwarf planets, and other bodies have orbiting <a href="Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>, which are commonly called 'moons', and range from <a href="Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">sizes of dwarf planets</a>, like Earth's <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, to <a href="Moonlet" title="Moonlet">moonlets</a>. There are <a href="Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">small Solar System bodies</a>, such as <a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, <a href="Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, <a href="Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">centaurs</a>, <a href="Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a>, and <a href="Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">interplanetary dust clouds</a>. Some of these bodies are in the <a href="Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> (between Mars's and Jupiter's orbit) and the <a href="Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> (just outside Neptune's orbit).<a href="#cite_note-25">[g]</a>

Between the bodies of the Solar System is an <a href="Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">interplanetary medium</a> of dust and particles. The Solar System is constantly flooded by outflowing <a href="Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">charged particles</a> from the <a href="Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, forming the <a href="Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a>. At around 70–90 AU from the Sun, the solar wind is halted by the <a href="Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>, resulting in the <a href="Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">heliopause</a>. This is the boundary to <a href="Interstellar_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar space">interstellar space</a>. The Solar System extends beyond this boundary with its outermost region, the theorized <a href="Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, the source for <a href="Long-period_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-period comet">long-period comets</a>, extending to a radius of 2,000–200,000 AU. The Solar System currently moves through a cloud of interstellar medium called the <a href="Local_Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Cloud">Local Cloud</a>. The <a href="List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">closest star</a> to the Solar System, <a href="Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, is 4.25 <a href="Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> (269,000 AU) away. Both are within the <a href="Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a>, a relatively small 1,000 light-years wide region of the <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

The Solar System includes the Sun and all objects that are bound to it by gravity and orbit it.<a href="#cite_note-x579-26">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-l783-27">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-n787-28">[16]</a>

The <a href="International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> describes the Solar System as all objects that are bound by the gravity of the Sun, the Sun itself, its eight planets, and the other celestial bodies which orbit it.<a href="#cite_note-IAU_Office_of_Astronomy_for_Education_y607-20">[11]</a> <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> describes the Solar System as a <a href="Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary system</a>, including the Sun and all objects that orbit it.<a href="#cite_note-k349-21">[12]</a>

When not used as a proper noun and written without capitalization, "solar system" may refer to either the Solar System itself or any system reminiscent of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-x579-26">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_evolution">Formation and evolution</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></div>

The Solar System formed at least 4.568 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large <a href="Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular cloud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AgeSolarSystem-2">[b]</a> This initial cloud was likely several light-years across and probably birthed several stars.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-30">[18]</a> As is typical of molecular clouds, this one consisted mostly of hydrogen, with some helium, and small amounts of heavier elements <a href="Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fused</a> by previous generations of stars.<a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[19]</a>

As the <a href="Presolar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Presolar nebula">pre-solar nebula</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-31">[19]</a> collapsed, <a href="Conservation_of_angular_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of angular momentum">conservation of angular momentum</a> caused it to rotate faster. The center, where most of the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-30">[18]</a> As the contracting nebula spun faster, it began to flatten into a <a href="Protoplanetary_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoplanetary disc">protoplanetary disc</a> with a diameter of roughly 200 AU<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-30">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[20]</a> and a hot, dense <a href="Protostar" title="Protostar">protostar</a> at the center.<a href="#cite_note-33">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[22]</a> The planets formed by <a href="Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a> from this disc,<a href="#cite_note-35">[23]</a> in which dust and gas gravitationally attracted each other, coalescing to form ever larger bodies. Hundreds of protoplanets may have existed in the early Solar System, but they either merged or were destroyed or ejected, leaving the planets, dwarf planets, and leftover <a href="Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">minor bodies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bennett_8.2-36">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[25]</a>

Due to their higher boiling points, only metals and silicates could exist in solid form in the warm inner Solar System close to the Sun (within the <a href="Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">frost line</a>). They eventually formed the rocky planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Because these <a href="Refractory_(planetary_science)" title="Refractory (planetary science)">refractory</a> materials only comprised a small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not grow very large.<a href="#cite_note-bennett_8.2-36">[24]</a>

The giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out, beyond the frost line, the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for <a href="Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatile</a> icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements.<a href="#cite_note-bennett_8.2-36">[24]</a> Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud.<a href="#cite_note-bennett_8.2-36">[24]</a>

Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the center of the protostar became great enough for it to begin <a href="Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">thermonuclear fusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yi2001-38">[26]</a> As helium accumulates at its core, the Sun is growing brighter;<a href="#cite_note-:4-39">[27]</a> early in its main-sequence life its brightness was 70% that of what it is today.<a href="#cite_note-40">[28]</a> The temperature, <a href="Nuclear_reaction_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reaction rate">reaction rate</a>, pressure, and density increased until <a href="Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a> was achieved: the thermal pressure counterbalancing the force of gravity. At this point, the Sun became a <a href="Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence</a> star.<a href="#cite_note-41">[29]</a> Solar wind from the Sun created the <a href="Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a> and swept away the remaining gas and dust from the protoplanetary disc into interstellar space.<a href="#cite_note-:4-39">[27]</a>

Following the dissipation of the <a href="Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a>, the <a href="Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a> proposes that <a href="Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravitational encounters</a> between planetisimals and the gas giants caused each to <a href="Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">migrate</a> into different orbits. This led to dynamical instability of the entire system, which scattered the planetisimals and ultimately placed the gas giants in their current positions. During this period, the <a href="Grand_tack_hypothesis" title="Grand tack hypothesis">grand tack hypothesis</a> suggests that a final inward migration of Jupiter dispersed much of the asteroid belt, leading to the <a href="Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> of the inner planets.<a href="#cite_note-42">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_and_future">Present and future</h3></div>

The Solar System remains in a relatively stable, slowly evolving state by following isolated, <a href="Gravitationally_bound" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationally bound">gravitationally bound</a> orbits around the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-44">[32]</a> Although the Solar System has been fairly stable for billions of years, it is technically <a href="Chaotic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaotic system">chaotic</a>, and may <a href="Stability_of_the_Solar_System" title="Stability of the Solar System">eventually be disrupted</a>. There is a small chance that another star will pass through the Solar System in the next few billion years. Although this could destabilize the system and eventually lead millions of years later to expulsion of planets, collisions of planets, or planets hitting the Sun, it would most likely leave the Solar System much as it is today.<a href="#cite_note-45">[33]</a>

The Sun's main-sequence phase, from beginning to end, will last about 10 billion years for the Sun compared to around two billion years for all other subsequent phases of the Sun's pre-<a href="Stellar_remnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar remnant">remnant</a> life combined.<a href="#cite_note-mnras386_1-46">[34]</a> The Solar System will remain roughly as it is known today until the hydrogen in the core of the Sun has been entirely converted to helium, which will occur roughly 5 billion years from now. This will mark the end of the Sun's main-sequence life. At that time, the core of the Sun will contract with hydrogen fusion occurring along a shell surrounding the inert helium, and the energy output will be greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun will become a <a href="Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>. Because of its increased surface area, the surface of the Sun will be cooler (2,600 K (4,220 °F) at its coolest) than it is on the main sequence.<a href="#cite_note-mnras386_1-46">[34]</a>

The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury as well as Venus, and render Earth and Mars uninhabitable (possibly destroying Earth as well).<a href="#cite_note-47">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[36]</a> Eventually, the core will be hot enough for helium fusion; the Sun will burn helium for a fraction of the time it burned hydrogen in the core. The Sun is not massive enough to commence the fusion of heavier elements, and nuclear reactions in the core will dwindle. Its outer layers will be ejected into space, leaving behind a dense <a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>, half the original mass of the Sun but only the size of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-mnras386_1-46">[34]</a> The ejected outer layers may form a <a href="Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a>, returning some of the material that formed the Sun – but now enriched with <a href="Metallicity" title="Metallicity">heavier elements</a> like carbon – to the <a href="Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h2></div>

Astronomers sometimes divide the Solar System structure into separate regions. The <a href="Inner_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Solar System">inner Solar System</a> includes Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and the bodies in the <a href="Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>. The <a href="Outer_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Solar System">outer Solar System</a> includes Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and the bodies in the <a href="Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[39]</a> Since the discovery of the Kuiper belt, the outermost parts of the Solar System are considered a distinct region consisting of <a href="Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">the objects beyond Neptune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">List of Solar System objects</a> and <a href="List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></div>

The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun, a <a href="G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type main-sequence star</a> that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitationally.<a href="#cite_note-53">[41]</a> The Sun's four largest orbiting bodies, the giant planets, account for 99% of the remaining mass, with Jupiter and Saturn together comprising more than 90%. The remaining objects of the Solar System (including the four terrestrial planets, the dwarf planets, moons, <a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, and comets) together comprise less than 0.002% of the Solar System's total mass.<a href="#cite_note-footnoteD-57">[h]</a>

The Sun is composed of roughly 98% hydrogen and helium,<a href="#cite_note-58">[45]</a> as are Jupiter and Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-59">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-Jupiter-60">[47]</a> A composition gradient exists in the Solar System, created by heat and <a href="Light_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Light pressure">light pressure</a> from the early Sun; those objects closer to the Sun, which are more affected by heat and light pressure, are composed of elements with high melting points. Objects farther from the Sun are composed largely of materials with lower melting points.<a href="#cite_note-61">[48]</a> The boundary in the Solar System beyond which those volatile substances could coalesce is known as the <a href="Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">frost line</a>, and it lies at roughly five times the Earth's distance from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Mumma-12">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbits">Orbits</h3></div>

The planets and other large objects in orbit around the Sun lie near the <a href="Invariable_plane#Solar_System" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane of the Solar System</a>, as does Earth's orbit, known as the <a href="Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>, and most closely the orbit of Jupiter, with an inclination to it of 0.3219°.<a href="#cite_note-j770-62">[49]</a> Smaller icy objects such as comets frequently orbit at significantly greater angles to this plane.<a href="#cite_note-Levison2003-63">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[51]</a> Most of the planets in the Solar System have secondary systems of their own, being orbited by natural satellites called moons. All of the largest natural satellites are in <a href="Synchronous_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous rotation">synchronous rotation</a>, with one face permanently turned toward their parent. The four giant planets have planetary rings, thin discs of tiny particles that orbit them in unison.<a href="#cite_note-bennett_4.5-65">[52]</a>

As a result of the <a href="Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">formation of the Solar System</a>, planets and most other objects orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating. That is, counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole.<a href="#cite_note-66">[53]</a> There are exceptions, such as <a href="Halley's_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[54]</a> Most of the larger moons orbit their planets in <a href="Retrograde_and_prograde_motion" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">prograde</a> direction, matching the direction of planetary rotation; Neptune's moon <a href="Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> is the largest to orbit in the opposite, retrograde manner.<a href="#cite_note-68">[55]</a> Most larger objects rotate around their own axes in the prograde direction relative to their orbit, though the rotation of Venus is retrograde.<a href="#cite_note-69">[56]</a>

To a good first approximation, <a href="Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws of planetary motion</a> describe the orbits of objects around the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[57]</a>: 433–437 These laws stipulate that each object travels along an <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">ellipse</a> with the Sun at one <a href="Focus_(geometry)" title="Focus (geometry)">focus</a>, which causes the body's distance from the Sun to vary over the course of its year. A body's closest approach to the Sun is called its <a href="Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>, whereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its <a href="Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-71">[58]</a>: 9-6 With the exception of Mercury, the orbits of the planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects follow highly elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws only account for the influence of the Sun's gravity upon an orbiting body, not the gravitational pulls of different bodies upon each other. On a human time scale, these perturbations can be accounted for using <a href="Numerical_model_of_the_Solar_System" title="Numerical model of the Solar System">numerical models</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:8-71">[58]</a>: 9-6 but the planetary system can change chaotically over billions of years.<a href="#cite_note-72">[59]</a>

The <a href="Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> of the Solar System is a measure of the total amount of orbital and <a href="Rotational_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational momentum">rotational momentum</a> possessed by all its moving components.<a href="#cite_note-73">[60]</a> Although the Sun dominates the system by mass, it accounts for only about 2% of the angular momentum.<a href="#cite_note-Marochnik1995-74">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[62]</a> The planets, dominated by Jupiter, account for most of the rest of the angular momentum due to the combination of their mass, orbit, and distance from the Sun, with a possibly significant contribution from comets.<a href="#cite_note-Marochnik1995-74">[61]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distances_and_scales">Distances and scales</h3></div>

The radius of the Sun is 0.0047 AU (700,000 km; 400,000 mi).<a href="#cite_note-arxiv1203_4898-76">[63]</a> Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001% (1 part in 107) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth's orbit, whereas Earth's volume is roughly 1 millionth (10−6) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is 5.2 AU from the Sun and has a radius of 71,000 km (0.00047 AU; 44,000 mi), whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is 30 AU from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-Jupiter-60">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[64]</a>

With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearest object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a relationship between these orbital distances, like the <a href="Titius%E2%80%93Bode_law" title="Titius–Bode law">Titius–Bode law</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[65]</a> and <a href="Mysterium_Cosmographicum" title="Mysterium Cosmographicum">Johannes Kepler's model</a> based on the <a href="Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[66]</a> but ongoing discoveries have invalidated these hypotheses.<a href="#cite_note-Boss-80">[67]</a>

Some <a href="Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a> attempt to convey the relative scales involved in the Solar System in human terms. Some are small in scale (and may be mechanical – called <a href="Orrery" title="Orrery">orreries</a>) – whereas others extend across cities or regional areas.<a href="#cite_note-81">[68]</a> The largest such scale model, the <a href="Sweden_Solar_System" title="Sweden Solar System">Sweden Solar System</a>, uses the 110-meter (361-foot) <a href="Avicii_Arena" title="Avicii Arena">Avicii Arena</a> in Stockholm as its substitute Sun, and, following the scale, Jupiter is a 7.5-meter (25-foot) sphere at <a href="Stockholm_Arlanda_Airport" title="Stockholm Arlanda Airport">Stockholm Arlanda Airport</a>, 40 km (25 mi) away, whereas the farthest current object, <a href="90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a>, is a 10 cm (4 in) sphere in <a href="Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a>, 912 km (567 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-82">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sedna-83">[70]</a> At that scale, the distance to Proxima Centauri would be roughly 8 times further than the Moon is from Earth.

If the Sun–Neptune distance is scaled to 100 metres (330 ft), then the Sun would be about 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter (roughly two-thirds the diameter of a golf ball), the giant planets would be all smaller than about 3 mm (0.12 in), and <a href="Earth's_diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's diameter">Earth's diameter</a> along with that of the other terrestrial planets would be smaller than a <a href="Flea" title="Flea">flea</a> (0.3 mm or 0.012 in) at this scale.<a href="#cite_note-84">[71]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitability">Habitability</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System" title="Planetary habitability in the Solar System">Planetary habitability in the Solar System</a></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Comparison of the habitable zones of the Solar System and <a href="TRAPPIST-1" title="TRAPPIST-1">TRAPPIST-1</a>, an ultracool red dwarf star known to have seven terrestrial planets in stable orbits around the star.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:340px;max-width:340px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Comparison of the <a href="Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zones</a> for different stellar temperatures, with a sample of known exoplanets plus the Earth, Mars, and Venus. From top to bottom are an <a href="F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F-type main-sequence star</a>, a <a href="G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">yellow dwarf</a> (G-type main-sequence star), an <a href="Orange_dwarf" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange dwarf">orange dwarf</a> (K-type main-sequence star), a typical <a href="Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a>, and an <a href="Ultra-cool_dwarf" title="Ultra-cool dwarf">ultra-cool dwarf</a>.</div></div></div></div></div>

Besides solar energy, the primary characteristic of the Solar System enabling the presence of life is the heliosphere and planetary magnetic fields (for those planets that have them). These magnetic fields partially shield the Solar System from high-energy interstellar particles called <a href="Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>. The density of cosmic rays in the <a href="Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> and the strength of the Sun's magnetic field change on very long timescales, so the level of cosmic-ray penetration in the Solar System varies, though by how much is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Langner_et_al_2005-85">[72]</a>

The <a href="Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">zone of habitability</a> of the Solar System is conventionally located in the inner Solar System, where planetary surface or atmospheric temperatures admit the possibility of <a href="Liquid_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid water">liquid water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150407-86">[73]</a> Habitability might be possible in <a href="Subsurface_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface ocean">subsurface oceans</a> of various outer Solar System moons.<a href="#cite_note-87">[74]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_extrasolar_systems">Comparison with extrasolar systems</h3></div>

Compared to many extrasolar systems, the Solar System stands out in lacking planets interior to the orbit of Mercury.<a href="#cite_note-Martin082015-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[76]</a> The known Solar System lacks <a href="Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">super-Earths</a>, planets between one and ten times as massive as the Earth,<a href="#cite_note-Martin082015-88">[75]</a> although the hypothetical <a href="Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a>, if it does exist, could be a super-Earth orbiting in the edge of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-90">[77]</a>

Uncommonly, it has only small terrestrial and large gas giants; elsewhere planets of intermediate size are typical – both rocky and gas – so there is no "gap" as seen between the size of Earth and of Neptune (with a radius 3.8 times as large). As many of these super-Earths are closer to their respective stars than Mercury is to the Sun, a hypothesis has arisen that all planetary systems start with many close-in planets, and that typically a sequence of their collisions causes consolidation of mass into few larger planets, but in case of the Solar System the collisions caused their destruction and ejection.<a href="#cite_note-Martin082015-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[78]</a>

The orbits of Solar System planets are nearly circular. Compared to many other systems, they have smaller <a href="Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin082015-88">[75]</a> Although there are attempts to explain it partly with a bias in the <a href="Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">radial-velocity detection method</a> and partly with long interactions of a quite high number of planets, the exact causes remain undetermined.<a href="#cite_note-Martin082015-88">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[79]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></div>

The Sun is the Solar System's star and by far its most massive component. Its large mass (332,900 <a href="Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth masses</a>),<a href="#cite_note-93">[80]</a> which comprises 99.86% of all the mass in the Solar System,<a href="#cite_note-Woolfson00-94">[81]</a> produces temperatures and densities in its <a href="Solar_core" title="Solar core">core</a> high enough to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium.<a href="#cite_note-95">[82]</a> This releases an enormous amount of <a href="Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, mostly <a href="Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiated</a> into <a href="Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> as <a href="Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> peaking in <a href="Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[84]</a>

Because the Sun fuses hydrogen at its core, it is a main-sequence star. More specifically, it is a <a href="G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G2-type main-sequence star</a>, where the type designation refers to its <a href="Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">effective temperature</a>. Hotter main-sequence stars are more luminous but shorter lived. The Sun's temperature is intermediate between that of the <a href="O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">hottest stars</a> and that of the coolest stars. Stars brighter and hotter than the Sun are rare, whereas substantially dimmer and cooler stars, known as <a href="Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a>, make up about 75% of the <a href="Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">fusor</a> stars in the <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[85]</a>

The Sun is a <a href="Population_I_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Population I stars">population I star</a>, having formed in the <a href="Spiral_arm" title="Spiral arm">spiral arms</a> of the <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy. It has a higher abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium ("<a href="Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metals</a>" in astronomical parlance) than the older population II stars in the <a href="Galactic_bulge" title="Galactic bulge">galactic bulge</a> and <a href="Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">halo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[86]</a> Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were formed in the cores of ancient and exploding stars, so the first generation of stars had to die before the <a href="Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> could be enriched with these atoms. The oldest stars contain few metals, whereas stars born later have more. This higher metallicity is thought to have been crucial to the Sun's development of a <a href="Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary system</a> because the planets formed from the accretion of "metals".<a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a>

The region of space dominated by the Solar <a href="Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> is the <a href="Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a>, which spans much of the Solar System. Along with <a href="Sunlight" title="Sunlight">light</a>, the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a <a href="Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>) called the <a href="Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>. This stream spreads outwards at speeds from 900,000 kilometres per hour (560,000 mph) to 2,880,000 kilometres per hour (1,790,000 mph),<a href="#cite_note-101">[88]</a> filling the vacuum between the bodies of the Solar System. The result is a <a href="Vacuum" title="Vacuum">thin</a>, dusty atmosphere, called the <a href="Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">interplanetary medium</a>, which extends to at least 100 AU.<a href="#cite_note-Voyager-102">[89]</a>

Activity on the Sun's surface, such as <a href="Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flares</a> and <a href="Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">coronal mass ejections</a>, disturbs the heliosphere, creating <a href="Space_weather" title="Space weather">space weather</a> and causing <a href="Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">geomagnetic storms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SunFlip-103">[90]</a> Coronal mass ejections and similar events blow a magnetic field and huge quantities of material from the surface of the Sun. The interaction of this magnetic field and material with Earth's magnetic field funnels charged particles into Earth's upper atmosphere, where its interactions create <a href="Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurorae</a> seen near the <a href="Earth's_magnetic_field#Magnetic_poles" title="Earth's magnetic field">magnetic poles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[91]</a> The largest stable structure within the heliosphere is the <a href="Heliospheric_current_sheet" title="Heliospheric current sheet">heliospheric current sheet</a>, a spiral form created by the actions of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the interplanetary medium.<a href="#cite_note-105">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[93]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inner_Solar_System">Inner Solar System</h2></div>

The inner Solar System is the region comprising the <a href="#Terrestrial_planets">terrestrial planets</a> and the <a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[94]</a> Composed mainly of <a href="Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a> and metals,<a href="#cite_note-108">[95]</a> the objects of the inner Solar System are relatively close to the Sun; the radius of this entire region is less than the distance between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. This region is within the <a href="Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">frost line</a>, which is a little less than 5 AU from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Levison2003-63">[50]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_planets">Inner planets</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrial planet</a></div>

The four terrestrial or inner planets have dense, rocky compositions, few or no <a href="Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a>, and no <a href="Planetary_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary ring">ring systems</a>. They are composed largely of <a href="Refractory_(planetary_science)" title="Refractory (planetary science)">refractory</a> minerals such as <a href="Silicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicates">silicates</a>—which form their <a href="Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crusts</a> and <a href="Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantles</a>—and metals such as iron and nickel which form their <a href="Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">cores</a>. Three of the four inner planets (Venus, Earth, and Mars) have <a href="Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheres</a> substantial enough to generate weather; all have impact craters and <a href="Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> surface features, such as <a href="Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valleys</a> and volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-Ryden-109">[96]</a>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> (0.31–0.59 AU from the Sun)<a href="#cite_note-nasa-factsheet-110">[D 6]</a> is the smallest planet in the Solar System. Its surface is grayish, with an expansive <a href="Rupes" title="Rupes">rupes</a> (cliff) system generated from <a href="Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a> and bright <a href="Ray_system" title="Ray system">ray systems</a> formed by <a href="Ejecta" title="Ejecta">impact event remnants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[97]</a> The surface has widely varying temperature, with the <a href="Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> regions ranging from −170 °C (−270 °F) at night to 420 °C (790 °F) during sunlight. In the past, Mercury was volcanically active, producing smooth <a href="Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> plains similar to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-Head_et_al_1981-112">[98]</a> It is likely that Mercury has a silicate crust and a large iron core.<a href="#cite_note-113">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Margot2012-114">[100]</a> Mercury has a very tenuous atmosphere, consisting of <a href="Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar-wind</a> particles and ejected atoms.<a href="#cite_note-115">[101]</a> Mercury has no natural satellites.<a href="#cite_note-spaceplace.nasa.gov-116">[102]</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> (0.72–0.73 AU)<a href="#cite_note-nasa-factsheet-110">[D 6]</a> has a reflective, whitish atmosphere that is mainly composed of <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. At the surface, the atmospheric pressure is ninety times as dense as on Earth's sea level.<a href="#cite_note-u3r1a-117">[103]</a> Venus has a surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), mainly due to the amount of <a href="Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-118">[104]</a> The planet lacks a protective magnetic field to protect against <a href="Atmospheric_stripping" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric stripping">stripping</a> by the solar wind, which suggests that its atmosphere is sustained by volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-119">[105]</a> Its surface displays extensive evidence of volcanic activity with stagnant <a href="Lid_tectonics" title="Lid tectonics">lid tectonics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[106]</a> Venus has no natural satellites.<a href="#cite_note-spaceplace.nasa.gov-116">[102]</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> (0.98–1.02 AU)<a href="#cite_note-nasa-factsheet-110">[D 6]</a> is the only place in the universe where <a href="Life" title="Life">life</a> and <a href="Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">surface liquid water</a> are known to exist.<a href="#cite_note-life-121">[107]</a> Earth's atmosphere contains 78% <a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and 21% <a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, which is the result of the presence of life.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-122">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131003-123">[109]</a> The planet has a complex <a href="Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> and <a href="Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> system, with conditions differing drastically between <a href="Climate_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate region">climate regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-climate_zones-124">[110]</a> The solid surface of Earth is dominated by green <a href="Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, <a href="Hot_deserts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot deserts">deserts</a> and white <a href="Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carlowicz_Simmon_2019-125">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cain_2010-126">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_Society_2006-127">[113]</a> Earth's surface is shaped by <a href="Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> that formed the continental masses.<a href="#cite_note-Head_et_al_1981-112">[98]</a> Earth's planetary <a href="Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> shields the surface from radiation, limiting <a href="Atmospheric_stripping" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric stripping">atmospheric stripping</a> and maintaining life habitability.<a href="#cite_note-128">[114]</a>

<ul><li>The <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is Earth's only natural satellite.<a href="#cite_note-129">[115]</a> Its diameter is one-quarter the size of Earth's.<a href="#cite_note-Metzger2021-130">[116]</a> Its surface is covered in <a href="Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">very fine regolith</a> and dominated by <a href="Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[118]</a> Large dark patches on the Moon, <a href="Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">maria</a>, are formed from past volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-133">[119]</a> The Moon's atmosphere is extremely thin, consisting of a <a href="Partial_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial vacuum">partial vacuum</a> with particle densities of under 107 per cm−3.<a href="#cite_note-134">[120]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> (1.38–1.67 AU)<a href="#cite_note-nasa-factsheet-110">[D 6]</a> has a radius about half of that of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-135">[121]</a> Most of the planet is red due to <a href="Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron oxide</a> in Martian soil,<a href="#cite_note-136">[122]</a> and the polar regions are covered in <a href="Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">white ice caps</a> made of water and <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[123]</a> Mars has an atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide, with surface pressure 0.6% of that of Earth, which is sufficient to support some weather phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-138">[124]</a> During the Mars year (687 Earth days), there are large surface temperature swings on the surface between −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) to 5.7 °C (42.3 °F). The surface is peppered with volcanoes and <a href="Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valleys</a>, and has a rich collection of <a href="Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-ismars-140">[126]</a> Mars has a highly <a href="Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> internal structure, and lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo_2005-141">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-swind-142">[128]</a> <a href="Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars has two tiny moons</a>:<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200725-143">[129]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> is Mars's inner moon. It is a small, irregularly shaped object with a mean radius of 11 km (7 mi). Its surface is very unreflective and dominated by impact craters.<a href="#cite_note-jplssd-144">[D 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[130]</a> In particular, Phobos's surface has a very large <a href="Stickney_(crater)" title="Stickney (crater)">Stickney impact crater</a> that is roughly 4.5 km (2.8 mi) in radius.<a href="#cite_note-146">[131]</a></li>

<li><a href="Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> is Mars's outer moon. Like Phobos, it is irregularly shaped, with a mean radius of 6 km (4 mi) and its surface reflects little light.<a href="#cite_note-Horizons-Deimos-147">[D 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-JPLSSD-148">[D 9]</a> However, the surface of Deimos is noticeably smoother than Phobos because the regolith partially covers the impact craters.<a href="#cite_note-149">[132]</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asteroids">Asteroids</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></div>

Asteroids, except for the largest, Ceres, are classified as <a href="Small_Solar_System_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Solar System bodies">small Solar System bodies</a> and are composed mainly of <a href="Carbon" title="Carbon">carbonaceous</a>, refractory rocky and metallic minerals, with some ice.<a href="#cite_note-150">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[134]</a> They range from a few meters to hundreds of kilometers in size. Many asteroids are divided into <a href="Asteroid_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid group">asteroid groups</a> and <a href="Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a> based on their orbital characteristics. Some <a href="Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">asteroids have natural satellites that orbit them</a>, that is, asteroids that orbit larger asteroids.<a href="#cite_note-152">[135]</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury-crossing asteroids</a> are those with <a href="Perihelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelia">perihelia</a> within the orbit of Mercury. At least 362 are known to date, and include the closest objects to the Sun known in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-JPLcrosserlist-153">[136]</a> No <a href="Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">vulcanoids</a>, asteroids between the orbit of Mercury and the Sun, have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-154">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steffl2013-155">[138]</a> As of 2024, one asteroid has been discovered to orbit completely within Venus's orbit, <a href="594913_%EA%9E%8CAyl%C3%B3%EA%9E%8Cchaxnim" title="594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim">594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[139]</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus-crossing_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus-crossing asteroid">Venus-crossing asteroids</a> are those that cross the orbit of Venus. There are 2,809 as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-jpello-157">[140]</a></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth asteroids</a> have orbits that approach relatively close to Earth's orbit,<a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-158">[141]</a> and some of them are <a href="Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">potentially hazardous objects</a> because they might collide with Earth in the future.<a href="#cite_note-CNEOS-Basics-159">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEO-groups-160">[143]</a> There are over 37,000 known as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-161">[144]</a> A number of solar-orbiting <a href="Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a> were large enough to be tracked in space before striking Earth. It is now widely accepted that collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-BROWN02-162">[145]</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars-crossing_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars-crossing asteroids">Mars-crossing asteroids</a> are those with perhihelia above 1.3 AU which cross the orbit of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-163">[146]</a> As of 2024, NASA lists 26,182 confirmed Mars-crossing asteroids.<a href="#cite_note-jpello-157">[140]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asteroid_belt">Asteroid belt</h4></div>

The <a href="Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> occupies a torus-shaped region between 2.3 and 3.3 AU from the Sun, which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It is thought to be remnants from the Solar System's formation that failed to coalesce because of the gravitational interference of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-164">[147]</a> The asteroid belt contains tens of thousands, possibly millions, of objects over one kilometer in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-165">[148]</a> Despite this, the total mass of the asteroid belt is unlikely to be more than a thousandth of that of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Krasinsky2002-56">[44]</a> The asteroid belt is very sparsely populated; spacecraft routinely pass through without incident.<a href="#cite_note-166">[149]</a>

Below are the descriptions of the three largest bodies in the asteroid belt. They are all considered to be relatively intact <a href="Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanets</a>, a precursor stage before becoming a fully-formed planet (see <a href="List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">List of exceptional asteroids</a>):<a href="#cite_note-167">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa-dawn20110329-168">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marsset2020-169">[152]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> (2.55–2.98 AU) is the only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt.<a href="#cite_note-IAU-QA-170">[153]</a> It is the largest object in the belt, with a diameter of 940 km (580 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Ermakov2017-171">[154]</a> Its surface contains a mixture of <a href="Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nature_12_2018-172">[155]</a> frozen water and <a href="Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrated</a> minerals.<a href="#cite_note-EPSC2-173">[156]</a> There are signs of past <a href="Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">cryovolcanic</a> activity, where <a href="Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatile</a> material such as water are erupted onto the surface, as seen in <a href="Bright_spots_on_Ceres" title="Bright spots on Ceres">surface bright spots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[157]</a> Ceres has a very thin water vapor atmosphere, but practically speaking it is indistinguishable from a vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-175">[158]</a></li>

<li><a href="4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> (2.13–3.41 AU) is the second-largest object in the asteroid belt.<a href="#cite_note-Astronomy_&_Astrophysics-176">[159]</a> Its fragments survive as the <a href="Vesta_family" title="Vesta family">Vesta asteroid family</a><a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-177">[160]</a> and numerous <a href="HED_meteorite" title="HED meteorite">HED meteorites</a> found on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Vestainterior-178">[161]</a> Vesta's surface, dominated by <a href="Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> and <a href="Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> material, has a denser composition than Ceres's.<a href="#cite_note-Takeda1997-179">[162]</a> Its surface is marked by two giant craters: <a href="Rheasilvia" title="Rheasilvia">Rheasilvia</a> and <a href="Veneneia_(crater)" title="Veneneia (crater)">Veneneia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schenk2012-180">[163]</a></li>

<li><a href="2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a> (2.15–2.57 AU) is the third-largest object in the asteroid belt.<a href="#cite_note-Astronomy_&_Astrophysics-176">[159]</a> It has its own <a href="Pallas_family" title="Pallas family">Pallas</a> <a href="Vesta_family" title="Vesta family">asteroid family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-177">[160]</a> Not much is known about Pallas because it has never been visited by a spacecraft,<a href="#cite_note-181">[164]</a> though its surface is predicted to be composed of silicates.<a href="#cite_note-AutoCB-19-182">[165]</a></li></ul>

<a href="Hilda_asteroid" title="Hilda asteroid">Hilda asteroids</a> are in a 3:2 resonance with Jupiter; that is, they go around the Sun three times for every two Jovian orbits.<a href="#cite_note-Barucci-183">[166]</a> They lie in three linked clusters between Jupiter and the main asteroid belt.

<a href="Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> are bodies located within another body's gravitationally stable <a href="Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrange points</a>: <a href="Lagrange_point#L4_and_L5" title="Lagrange point">L4</a>, 60° ahead in its orbit, or <a href="Lagrange_point#L4_and_L5" title="Lagrange point">L5</a>, 60° behind in its orbit.<a href="#cite_note-spies-184">[167]</a> Every planet except Mercury is known to possess at least one trojan.<a href="#cite_note-Connors-185">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-secondUranus-186">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-CeresVestatrojans-187">[170]</a> The <a href="Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojan</a> population is roughly equal to that of the asteroid belt.<a href="#cite_note-Yoshida2005-188">[171]</a> After Jupiter, Neptune possesses the most confirmed trojans, at 28.<a href="#cite_note-189">[172]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outer_Solar_System">Outer Solar System</h2></div>

The outer region of the Solar System is home to the <a href="Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> and their large moons. The <a href="Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">centaurs</a> and many <a href="Short-period_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-period comet">short-period comets</a> orbit in this region. Due to their greater distance from the Sun, the solid objects in the outer Solar System contain a higher proportion of volatiles such as water, ammonia, and methane, than planets of the inner Solar System because their lower temperatures allow these compounds to remain solid, without significant <a href="Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bennett_8.2-36">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_planets">Outer planets</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giant planet</a></div>

The four outer planets, called giant planets or Jovian planets, collectively make up 99% of the mass orbiting the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-footnoteD-57">[h]</a> All four giant planets have multiple moons and a ring system, although only Saturn's rings are easily observed from Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Ryden-109">[96]</a> Jupiter and Saturn are composed mainly of gases with extremely low melting points, such as hydrogen, helium, and <a href="Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-190">[173]</a> hence their designation as <a href="Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[174]</a> Uranus and Neptune are <a href="Ice_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice giants">ice giants</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[175]</a> meaning they are largely composed of <a href="Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">'ice' in the astronomical sense</a> (chemical compounds with melting points of up to a few hundred <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a><a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-190">[173]</a> such as water, methane, ammonia, <a href="Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, and <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-193">[176]</a>) Icy substances comprise the majority of the satellites of the giant planets and small objects that lie beyond Neptune's orbit.<a href="#cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-193">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-zeilik-194">[177]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (4.95–5.46 AU)<a href="#cite_note-nasa-factsheet-110">[D 6]</a> is the biggest and most massive planet in the Solar System. On its surface, there are orange-brown and white cloud bands moving via the principles of <a href="Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a>, with giant storms swirling on the surface such as the <a href="Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a> and <a href="Oval_BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oval BA">white 'ovals'</a>. <a href="Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter possesses a strong enough magnetosphere</a> to redirect <a href="Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> and cause <a href="Aurora" title="Aurora">auroras</a> on its poles.<a href="#cite_note-195">[178]</a> As of 2025, Jupiter has <a href="Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">97 confirmed satellites</a>, which can roughly be sorted into three groups:

<ul><li>The Amalthea group, consisting of <a href="Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a>, <a href="Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a>, <a href="Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a>, and <a href="Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a>. They orbit substantially closer to Jupiter than other satellites.<a href="#cite_note-196">[179]</a> Materials from these natural satellites are the source of Jupiter's faint ring.<a href="#cite_note-197">[180]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a>, consisting of <a href="Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, <a href="Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, <a href="Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, and <a href="Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>. They are the largest moons of Jupiter and exhibit planetary properties.<a href="#cite_note-198">[181]</a></li>

<li>Irregular satellites, consisting of substantially smaller natural satellites. They have more distant orbits than the other objects.<a href="#cite_note-list-199">[182]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> (9.08–10.12 AU)<a href="#cite_note-nasa-factsheet-110">[D 6]</a> has a distinctive visible <a href="Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">ring system</a> orbiting around its equator composed of small ice and rock particles. Like Jupiter, it is mostly made of hydrogen and helium.<a href="#cite_note-200">[183]</a> At its north and south poles, Saturn has peculiar <a href="Saturn's_hexagon" title="Saturn's hexagon">hexagon-shaped storms</a> larger than the diameter of Earth. <a href="Magnetosphere_of_Saturn" title="Magnetosphere of Saturn">Saturn has a magnetosphere</a> capable of producing weak auroras. As of 2025, Saturn has <a href="Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">274 confirmed satellites</a>, grouped into:

<ul><li>Ring <a href="Moonlet" title="Moonlet">moonlets</a> and <a href="Shepherd_moon" title="Shepherd moon">shepherds</a>, which orbit inside or close to Saturn's rings. A moonlet can only partially clear out dust in its orbit,<a href="#cite_note-Sremcevic2007-201">[184]</a> while the ring shepherds are able to completely clear out dust, forming visible gaps in the rings.<a href="#cite_note-Porco2005-202">[185]</a></li>

<li>Inner large satellites <a href="Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a>, <a href="Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, <a href="Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a>, and <a href="Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a>. These satellites orbit within <a href="Rings_of_Saturn#E_Ring" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturn's E ring</a>. They are composed mostly of water ice and are believed to have differentiated internal structures.<a href="#cite_note-:2-203">[186]</a></li>

<li>Trojan moons <a href="Calypso_(moon)" title="Calypso (moon)">Calypso</a> and <a href="Telesto_(moon)" title="Telesto (moon)">Telesto</a> (trojans of Tethys), and <a href="Helene_(moon)" title="Helene (moon)">Helene</a> and <a href="Polydeuces_(moon)" title="Polydeuces (moon)">Polydeuces</a> (trojans of Dione). These small moons share their orbits with Tethys and Dione, leading or trailing either.<a href="#cite_note-Calypso-204">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polydeuces-205">[188]</a></li>

<li>Outer large satellites <a href="Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a>, <a href="Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, <a href="Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a>, and <a href="Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-203">[186]</a> Titan is the only satellite in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Forget2017-206">[189]</a></li>

<li>Irregular satellites, consisting of substantially smaller natural satellites. They have more distant orbits than the other objects. <a href="Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a> is the largest irregular satellite of Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-Jewitt2007-207">[190]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> (18.3–20.1 AU),<a href="#cite_note-nasa-factsheet-110">[D 6]</a> uniquely among the planets, orbits the Sun on its side with an <a href="Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> >90°. This gives the planet extreme seasonal variation as each pole points alternately toward and then away from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-208">[191]</a> Uranus's outer layer has a muted <a href="Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> color, but underneath these clouds are <a href="Climate_of_Uranus" title="Climate of Uranus">many mysteries about its climate</a>, such as unusually low <a href="Internal_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal heat">internal heat</a> and erratic cloud formation. As of 2025, Uranus has <a href="Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">28 confirmed satellites</a>, divided into three groups:

<ul><li>Inner satellites, which orbit inside Uranus's ring system.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito2002-209">[192]</a> They are very close to each other, which suggests that their orbits are <a href="Chaotic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaotic system">chaotic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duncan_Lissauer_1997-210">[193]</a></li>

<li>Large satellites, consisting of <a href="Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a>, <a href="Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a>, <a href="Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a>, <a href="Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a>, and <a href="Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[194]</a> Most of them have roughly equal amounts of rock and ice, except Miranda, which is made primarily of ice.<a href="#cite_note-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006-212">[195]</a></li>

<li>Irregular satellites, having more distant and eccentric orbits than the other objects.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppardmoons2024-213">[196]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> (29.9–30.5 AU)<a href="#cite_note-nasa-factsheet-110">[D 6]</a> is the furthest planet known in the Solar System. Its outer atmosphere has a slightly muted cyan color, with occasional storms on the surface that look like dark spots. Like Uranus, many atmospheric phenomena of Neptune are unexplained, such as the <a href="Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">thermosphere</a>'s abnormally high temperature or the strong tilt (47°) of its magnetosphere. As of 2025, Neptune has <a href="Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">16 confirmed satellites</a>, divided into two groups:

<ul><li>Regular satellites, which have circular orbits that lie near Neptune's equator.<a href="#cite_note-Jewitt2007-207">[190]</a></li>

<li>Irregular satellites, which as the name implies, have less regular orbits. One of them, <a href="Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, is Neptune's largest moon. It is geologically active, with erupting <a href="Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a> of nitrogen gas, and possesses a thin, cloudy nitrogen atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Soderblom2-214">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forget2017-206">[189]</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centaurs">Centaurs</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaur</a></div>

The centaurs are icy, comet-like bodies whose <a href="Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">semi-major axes</a> are longer than Jupiter's and shorter than Neptune's (between 5.5 and 30 AU). These are former Kuiper belt and <a href="Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc objects</a> (SDOs) that were gravitationally <a href="Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbed</a> closer to the Sun by the outer planets, and are expected to become comets or be ejected out of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Delsanti-Beyond_The_Planets-55">[43]</a> While most centaurs are inactive and asteroid-like, some exhibit cometary activity, such as the first centaur discovered, <a href="2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a>, which has been classified as a comet (95P) because it develops a coma just as comets do when they approach the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-215">[198]</a> The largest known centaur, <a href="10199_Chariklo" title="10199 Chariklo">10199 Chariklo</a>, has a diameter of about 250 km (160 mi) and is one of the few minor planets possessing a ring system.<a href="#cite_note-spitzer-216">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Braga-Ribas-2014-217">[200]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trans-Neptunian_region">Trans-Neptunian region</h2></div>

Beyond the orbit of Neptune lies the area of the "<a href="Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian region</a>", with the doughnut-shaped Kuiper belt, home of Pluto and several other dwarf planets, and an overlapping disc of scattered objects, which is <a href="Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">tilted toward the plane</a> of the Solar System and reaches much further out than the Kuiper belt. The entire region is still <a href="Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">largely unexplored</a>. It appears to consist overwhelmingly of many thousands of small worlds – the largest having a diameter only a fifth that of Earth and a mass far smaller than that of the Moon – composed mainly of rock and ice. This region is sometimes described as the "third zone of the Solar System", enclosing the inner and the outer Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-218">[201]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuiper_belt">Kuiper belt</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></div>

The Kuiper belt is a great ring of debris similar to the asteroid belt, but consisting mainly of objects composed primarily of ice.<a href="#cite_note-physical-219">[202]</a> It extends between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun. It is composed mainly of small Solar System bodies, although the largest few are probably large enough to be dwarf planets.<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-220">[203]</a> There are estimated to be over 100,000 Kuiper belt objects with a diameter greater than 50 km (30 mi), but the total mass of the Kuiper belt is thought to be only a tenth or even a hundredth the mass of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Delsanti-Beyond_The_Planets-55">[43]</a> Many Kuiper belt objects have satellites,<a href="#cite_note-221">[204]</a> and most have orbits that are substantially inclined (~10°) to the plane of the ecliptic.<a href="#cite_note-trojan-222">[205]</a>

The Kuiper belt can be roughly divided into the "<a href="Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">classical</a>" belt and the <a href="Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">resonant trans-Neptunian objects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-physical-219">[202]</a> The latter have orbits whose periods are in a simple ratio to that of Neptune: for example, going around the Sun twice for every three times that Neptune does, or once for every two. The classical belt consists of objects having no resonance with Neptune, and extends from roughly 39.4 to 47.7 AU.<a href="#cite_note-223">[206]</a> Members of the classical Kuiper belt are sometimes called "cubewanos", after the first of their kind to be discovered, originally designated <a href="15760_Albion" title="15760 Albion">1992 QB1</a>, (and has since been named Albion); they are still in near primordial, low-eccentricity orbits.<a href="#cite_note-224">[207]</a>

There is strong consensus among astronomers that five members of the Kuiper belt are dwarf planets.<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-220">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-JWST-225">[208]</a> Many dwarf planet candidates are being considered, pending further data for verification.<a href="#cite_note-Tancredi2008-226">[209]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> (29.7–49.3 AU) is the largest known object in the Kuiper belt. Pluto has a relatively eccentric orbit, inclined 17 degrees to the <a href="Ecliptic_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic plane">ecliptic plane</a>. Pluto has a <a href="Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">2:3 resonance</a> with Neptune, meaning that Pluto orbits twice around the Sun for every three Neptunian orbits. Kuiper belt objects whose orbits share this resonance are called <a href="Plutino" title="Plutino">plutinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fajans_et_al_2001-227">[210]</a> <a href="Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto has five moons</a>: Charon, <a href="Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a>, <a href="Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a>, <a href="Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a>, and <a href="Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[211]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a>, the largest of Pluto's moons, is sometimes described as part of a <a href="Binary_system_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary system (astronomy)">binary system</a> with Pluto, as the two bodies orbit a <a href="Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a> of gravity above their surfaces (i.e. they appear to "orbit each other").</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> (30.3–48.1 AU), is in the same 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune as Pluto, and is the largest such object after Pluto itself.<a href="#cite_note-brownlargest-229">[212]</a> Its eccentricity and inclination are similar to Pluto's, but its perihelion lies about 120° from that of Pluto. Thus, the <a href="Phase_(waves)#Phase_difference" title="Phase (waves)">phase</a> of Orcus's orbit is opposite to Pluto's: Orcus is at aphelion (most recently in 2019) around when Pluto is at perihelion (most recently in 1989) and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-MPC2004-D15-230">[213]</a> For this reason, it has been called the anti-Pluto.<a href="#cite_note-MBP-231">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[215]</a> It has one known moon, <a href="Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IAUC8812-233">[216]</a></li>

<li><a href="Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> (34.6–51.6 AU) was discovered in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-234">[217]</a> It is in a temporary 7:12 orbital resonance with Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-brownlargest-229">[212]</a> Haumea possesses a ring system, two known moons named <a href="Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a> and <a href="Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a>, and rotates so quickly (once every 3.9 hours) that it is stretched into an <a href="Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a>. It is part of a <a href="Collisional_family" title="Collisional family">collisional family</a> of Kuiper belt objects that share similar orbits, which suggests a giant impact on Haumea ejected fragments into space billions of years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Noviello2022-235">[218]</a></li>

<li><a href="Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> (38.1–52.8 AU), although smaller than Pluto, is the largest known object in the classical Kuiper belt (that is, a Kuiper belt object not in a confirmed resonance with Neptune). Makemake is the brightest object in the Kuiper belt after Pluto. Discovered in 2005, it was officially named in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-236">[219]</a> Its orbit is far more inclined than Pluto's, at 29°.<a href="#cite_note-Buie136472-237">[220]</a> It has one known moon, <a href="S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ParkerA2016-238">[221]</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> (41.9–45.5 AU) is the second-largest known object in the classical Kuiper belt, after Makemake. Its orbit is significantly less eccentric and inclined than those of Makemake or Haumea.<a href="#cite_note-brownlargest-229">[212]</a> It possesses a ring system and one known moon, <a href="Weywot_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weywot (moon)">Weywot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morgado2023-239">[222]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scattered_disc">Scattered disc</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></div>

The scattered disc, which overlaps the Kuiper belt but extends out to near 500 AU, is thought to be the source of short-period comets. Scattered-disc objects are believed to have been perturbed into erratic orbits by the gravitational influence of <a href="Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System#Planetary_migration" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Neptune's early outward migration</a>. Most scattered disc objects have perihelia within the Kuiper belt but aphelia far beyond it (some more than 150 AU from the Sun). SDOs' orbits can be inclined up to 46.8° from the ecliptic plane.<a href="#cite_note-240">[223]</a> Some astronomers consider the scattered disc to be merely another region of the Kuiper belt and describe scattered-disc objects as "scattered Kuiper belt objects".<a href="#cite_note-241">[224]</a> Some astronomers classify centaurs as inward-scattered Kuiper belt objects along with the outward-scattered residents of the scattered disc.<a href="#cite_note-242">[225]</a>

Currently, there is strong consensus among astronomers that two of the bodies in the scattered disc are dwarf planets:

<ul><li><a href="Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> (38.3–97.5 AU) is the largest known scattered disc object and the most massive known dwarf planet. Eris's discovery contributed to a debate about the definition of a planet because it is 25% more massive than Pluto<a href="#cite_note-Brown_Schaller_2007-243">[226]</a> and about the same diameter. It has one known moon, <a href="Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a>. Like Pluto, its orbit is highly eccentric, with a perihelion of 38.2 AU (roughly Pluto's distance from the Sun) and an aphelion of 97.6 AU, and steeply inclined to the ecliptic plane at an angle of 44°.<a href="#cite_note-244">[227]</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> (33.8–101.2 AU) is a dwarf planet in a comparable orbit to Eris, except that it is in a 3:10 resonance with Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-jpldata-245">[D 10]</a> It has one known moon, <a href="Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kissetal2017-246">[228]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_trans-Neptunian_objects">Extreme trans-Neptunian objects</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Extreme_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Extreme trans-Neptunian object">Extreme trans-Neptunian object</a></div>

Some objects in the Solar System have a very large orbit, and therefore are much less affected by the known giant planets than other minor planet populations. These bodies are called extreme trans-Neptunian objects, or ETNOs for short.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-2018-247">[229]</a> Generally, ETNOs' <a href="Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axes</a> are at least 150–250 AU wide.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-2018-247">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caju_outlier-248">[230]</a> For example, <a href="541132_Lele%C4%81k%C5%ABhonua" title="541132 Leleākūhonua">541132 Leleākūhonua</a> orbits the Sun once every ~32,000 years, with a distance of 65–2000 AU from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-jpldata2-249">[D 11]</a>

This population is divided into three subgroups by astronomers. The <a href="Scattered_disc_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattered disc object">scattered</a> ETNOs have <a href="Perihelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelia">perihelia</a> around 38–45 AU and an exceptionally high <a href="Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> of more than 0.85. As with the regular scattered disc objects, they were likely formed as result of <a href="Planetary_migration#Gravitational_scattering" title="Planetary migration">gravitational scattering</a> by Neptune and still interact with the giant planets. The <a href="Detached_object" title="Detached object">detached</a> ETNOs, with perihelia approximately between 40–45 and 50–60 AU, are less affected by Neptune than the scattered ETNOs, but are still relatively close to Neptune. The <a href="Sednoid" title="Sednoid">sednoids</a> or <a href="Hills_Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Hills Cloud">inner Oort cloud</a> objects, with perihelia beyond 50–60 AU, are too far from Neptune to be strongly influenced by it.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-2018-247">[229]</a>

Currently, there is one ETNO that is classified as a dwarf planet:

<ul><li><a href="Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a> (76.2–937 AU) was the first extreme trans-Neptunian object to be discovered. It is a large, reddish object, and takes ~11,400 years to complete one orbit. <a href="Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Mike Brown</a>, who discovered the object in 2003, asserts that it cannot be part of the scattered disc or the Kuiper belt because its perihelion is too distant to have been affected by Neptune's migration.<a href="#cite_note-250">[231]</a> The <a href="Sednoid" title="Sednoid">sednoid population</a> is named after Sedna.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppard-2018-247">[229]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edge_of_the_heliosphere">Edge of the heliosphere</h3></div>

The Sun's <a href="Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">stellar-wind bubble</a>, the <a href="Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a>, a region of space dominated by the Sun, has its boundary at the termination shock. Based on the Sun's <a href="Peculiar_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Peculiar motion">peculiar motion</a> relative to the <a href="Local_standard_of_rest" title="Local standard of rest">local standard of rest</a>, this boundary is roughly 80–100 AU from the Sun upwind of the interstellar medium and roughly 200 AU from the Sun downwind.<a href="#cite_note-fahr-251">[232]</a> Here the solar wind collides with the interstellar medium<a href="#cite_note-252">[233]</a> and dramatically slows, condenses and becomes more turbulent, forming a great oval structure known as the <a href="Heliosheath" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliosheath">heliosheath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fahr-251">[232]</a>

The heliosheath has been theorized to look and behave very much like a comet's tail, extending outward for a further 40 AU on the upwind side but tailing many times that distance downwind to possibly several thousands of AU.<a href="#cite_note-n092-253">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[235]</a> Evidence from the <a href="Cassini_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini (spacecraft)">Cassini</a> and <a href="Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">Interstellar Boundary Explorer</a> spacecraft has suggested that it is forced into a bubble shape by the constraining action of the interstellar magnetic field,<a href="#cite_note-255">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[237]</a> but the actual shape remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-257">[238]</a>

The shape and form of the outer edge of the heliosphere is likely affected by the <a href="Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> of interactions with the interstellar medium as well as <a href="Solar_magnetic_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar magnetic field">solar magnetic fields</a> prevailing to the south, e.g. it is bluntly shaped with the northern hemisphere extending 9 AU farther than the southern hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-fahr-251">[232]</a> The heliopause is considered the beginning of the interstellar medium.<a href="#cite_note-Voyager-102">[89]</a> Beyond the heliopause, at around 230 AU, lies the <a href="Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">bow shock</a>: a plasma "wake" left by the Sun as it travels through the Milky Way.<a href="#cite_note-258">[239]</a> Large objects outside the heliopause remain gravitationally bound to the Sun, but the flow of matter in the interstellar medium homogenizes the distribution of micro-scale objects.<a href="#cite_note-Voyager-102">[89]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellaneous_populations">Miscellaneous populations</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comets">Comets</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Comet" title="Comet">Comet</a></div>

Comets are <a href="Small_Solar_System_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Solar System bodies">small Solar System bodies</a>, typically only a few kilometers across, composed largely of volatile ices. They have highly eccentric orbits, generally a perihelion within the orbits of the inner planets and an aphelion far beyond Pluto. When a comet enters the inner Solar System, its proximity to the Sun causes its icy surface to <a href="Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimate</a> and <a href="Ion" title="Ion">ionise</a>, creating a <a href="Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">coma</a>: a long tail of gas and dust often visible to the naked eye.<a href="#cite_note-259">[240]</a>

Short-period comets have orbits lasting less than two hundred years. Long-period comets have orbits lasting thousands of years. Short-period comets are thought to originate in the Kuiper belt, whereas long-period comets, such as <a href="Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">Hale–Bopp</a>, are thought to originate in the Oort cloud. Many comet groups, such as the <a href="Kreutz_sungrazer" title="Kreutz sungrazer">Kreutz sungrazers</a>, formed from the breakup of a single parent.<a href="#cite_note-260">[241]</a> Some comets with <a href="Hyperbolic_trajectory" title="Hyperbolic trajectory">hyperbolic</a> orbits may originate outside the Solar System, but determining their precise orbits is difficult.<a href="#cite_note-hyperbolic-261">[242]</a> Old comets whose volatiles have mostly been driven out by solar warming are often categorized as asteroids.<a href="#cite_note-262">[243]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteoroids,_meteors_and_dust">Meteoroids, meteors and dust</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a>, <a href="Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a>, and <a href="Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></div>

Solid objects smaller than one meter are usually called meteoroids and micrometeoroids (grain-sized), with the exact division between the two categories being debated over the years.<a href="#cite_note-263">[244]</a> By 2017, the IAU designated any solid object having a diameter between ~30 <a href="Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometers</a> and 1 meter as meteoroids, and depreciated the micrometeoroid categorization, instead terms smaller particles simply as 'dust particles'.<a href="#cite_note-264">[245]</a>

Some meteoroids formed via disintegration of comets and asteroids, while a few formed via impact debris ejected from planetary bodies. Most meteoroids are made of silicates and heavier metals like <a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[246]</a> When passing through the Solar System, comets produce a trail of meteoroids; it is hypothesized that this is caused either by vaporization of the comet's material or by simple breakup of dormant comets. When crossing an atmosphere, these meteoroids will produce bright streaks in the sky due to <a href="Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a>, called <a href="Meteor" title="Meteor">meteors</a>. If a stream of meteoroids enter the atmosphere on parallel trajectories, the meteors will seemingly 'radiate' from a point in the sky, hence the phenomenon's name: <a href="Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">meteor shower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[247]</a>

The inner Solar System is home to the <a href="Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">zodiacal dust cloud</a>, which is visible as the hazy <a href="Zodiacal_light" title="Zodiacal light">zodiacal light</a> in dark, unpolluted skies. It may be generated by collisions within the asteroid belt brought on by gravitational interactions with the planets; a more recent proposed origin is materials from planet Mars.<a href="#cite_note-267">[248]</a> The outer Solar System hosts a cosmic dust cloud. It extends from about 10 AU to about 40 AU, and was probably created by collisions within the Kuiper belt.<a href="#cite_note-268">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[250]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundary_region_and_uncertainties">Boundary region and uncertainties</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Planets_beyond_Neptune" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planets beyond Neptune</a>, <a href="Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a>, and <a href="List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_greatest_aphelion" title="List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion">List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion</a></div>

Much of the outer Solar System is still unknown. The region beyond 100 AU away is virtually unexplored and learning about this region of space is difficult. Study of this region depends upon inferences from those few objects whose orbits happen to be perturbed such that they fall closer to the Sun, and even then, detecting these objects has often been possible only when they happened to become bright enough to register as comets.<a href="#cite_note-270">[251]</a> Many objects are yet to be discovered in the Solar System's outer region.<a href="#cite_note-271">[252]</a>

The <a href="Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> is a theorized spherical shell of up to a trillion icy objects that is thought to be the source for all long-period comets.<a href="#cite_note-:5-272">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-273">[254]</a> No direct observation of the Oort cloud is possible with present imaging technology.<a href="#cite_note-274">[255]</a> It is theorized to surround the Solar System at roughly 50,000 AU (~0.9 <a href="Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a>) from the Sun and possibly to as far as 100,000 AU (~1.8 ly). The Oort cloud is thought to be composed of comets that were ejected from the inner Solar System by gravitational interactions with the outer planets. Oort cloud objects move very slowly, and can be perturbed by infrequent events, such as collisions, the gravitational effects of a passing star, or the <a href="Galactic_tide" title="Galactic tide">galactic tide</a>, the <a href="Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal force</a> exerted by the Milky Way.<a href="#cite_note-:5-272">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-273">[254]</a>

As of the 2020s, a few astronomers have hypothesized that <a href="Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a> (a planet beyond Neptune) might exist, based on statistical variance in the orbit of <a href="Extreme_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Extreme trans-Neptunian object">extreme trans-Neptunian objects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-P9H2019-275">[256]</a> Their closest approaches to the Sun are mostly clustered around one sector and their orbits are similarly tilted, suggesting that a large planet might be influencing their orbit over millions of years.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppard2014-276">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-nodes-2021-277">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-nodes-2022-278">[259]</a> However, some astronomers said that this observation might be credited to observational biases or just sheer coincidence.<a href="#cite_note-279">[260]</a> An alternative hypothesis has a close flyby of another star disrupting the outer Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-280">[261]</a>

The Sun's gravitational field is estimated to <a href="Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)" title="Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)">dominate the gravitational forces of surrounding stars</a> out to about two light-years (125,000 AU). Lower estimates for the radius of the Oort cloud, by contrast, do not place it farther than 50,000 AU.<a href="#cite_note-Encrenaz_et_al_2004-281">[262]</a> Most of the mass is orbiting in the region between 3,000 and 100,000 AU.<a href="#cite_note-282">[263]</a> The furthest known objects, such as <a href="Comet_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet West">Comet West</a>, have aphelia around 70,000 AU from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-283">[264]</a> The Sun's <a href="Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a> with respect to the galactic nucleus, the effective range of its gravitational influence, is thought to extend up to a thousand times farther and encompasses the hypothetical Oort cloud.<a href="#cite_note-Littmann-284">[265]</a> It was calculated by G. A. Chebotarev to be 230,000 AU.<a href="#cite_note-Chebotarev-14">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celestial_neighborhood">Celestial neighborhood</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">List of nearest stars</a>, <a href="List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">List of nearest exoplanets</a>, and <a href="List_of_nearby_stellar_associations_and_moving_groups" title="List of nearby stellar associations and moving groups">List of nearby stellar associations and moving groups</a></div>

Within 10 light-years of the Sun there are relatively few stars, the closest being the triple star system <a href="Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a>, which is about 4.4 light-years away and may be in the Local Bubble's <a href="G-Cloud" title="G-Cloud">G-Cloud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[267]</a> Alpha Centauri A and B are a closely tied pair of <a href="Solar_analog" title="Solar analog">Sun-like stars</a>, whereas the closest star to the Sun, the small <a href="Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> <a href="Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, orbits the pair at a distance of 0.2 light-years. In 2016, a potentially habitable <a href="Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> was found to be orbiting Proxima Centauri, called <a href="Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a>, the closest confirmed exoplanet to the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-proxima_b_discovery_paper-287">[268]</a>

The Solar System is surrounded by the <a href="Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a>, although it is not clear if it is embedded in the Local Interstellar Cloud or if it lies just outside the cloud's edge.<a href="#cite_note-:1-288">[269]</a> Multiple other <a href="Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">interstellar clouds</a> exist in the region within 300 light-years of the Sun, known as the <a href="Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-288">[269]</a> The latter feature is an hourglass-shaped cavity or <a href="Superbubble" title="Superbubble">superbubble</a> in the interstellar medium roughly 300 light-years across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma, suggesting that it may be the product of several recent supernovae.<a href="#cite_note-289">[270]</a>

The Local Bubble is a small superbubble compared to the neighboring wider <a href="Radcliffe_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcliffe Wave">Radcliffe Wave</a> and Split linear structures (formerly <a href="Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a>), each of which are some thousands of light-years in length.<a href="#cite_note-Alves_Zucker_Goodman_Speagle_2020-290">[271]</a> All these structures are part of the <a href="Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a>, which contains most of the stars in the Milky Way that are visible to the unaided eye.<a href="#cite_note-291">[272]</a>

Groups of stars form together in <a href="Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">star clusters</a>, before dissolving into co-moving associations. A prominent grouping that is visible to the naked eye is the <a href="Ursa_Major_moving_group" title="Ursa Major moving group">Ursa Major moving group</a>, which is around 80 light-years away within the Local Bubble. The nearest star cluster is <a href="Hyades_(star_cluster)" title="Hyades (star cluster)">Hyades</a>, which lies at the edge of the Local Bubble. The closest star-forming regions are the <a href="Corona_Australis_Molecular_Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona Australis Molecular Cloud">Corona Australis Molecular Cloud</a>, the <a href="Rho_Ophiuchi_cloud_complex" title="Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex">Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex</a> and the <a href="Taurus_molecular_cloud" title="Taurus molecular cloud">Taurus molecular cloud</a>; the latter lies just beyond the Local Bubble and is part of the Radcliffe wave.<a href="#cite_note-292">[273]</a>

Stellar flybys that pass within 0.8 light-years of the Sun occur roughly once every 100,000 years. The <a href="List_of_nearest_stars#Distant_future_and_past_encounters" title="List of nearest stars">closest well-measured approach</a> was <a href="Scholz's_Star" title="Scholz's Star">Scholz's Star</a>, which approached to ~50,000 AU of the Sun some ~70 thousands years ago, likely passing through the outer Oort cloud.<a href="#cite_note-293">[274]</a> There is a 1% chance every billion years that a star will pass within 100 AU of the Sun, potentially disrupting the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Raymond_et_al_2024-294">[275]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galactic_position">Galactic position</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location of Earth</a>, <a href="Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a>, and <a href="Orbit_of_the_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbit of the Sun">Orbit of the Sun</a></div>

The Solar System is located in the <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, a <a href="Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">barred spiral galaxy</a> with a diameter of about 100,000 <a href="Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> containing more than 100 billion stars.<a href="#cite_note-Lang2013-295">[276]</a> The Sun is part of one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the <a href="Orion%E2%80%93Cygnus_Arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion–Cygnus Arm">Orion–Cygnus Arm</a> or Local Spur.<a href="#cite_note-296">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[278]</a> It is a member of the <a href="Thin_disk" title="Thin disk">thin disk</a> population of stars orbiting close to the galactic plane.<a href="#cite_note-298">[279]</a>

Its speed around the center of the Milky Way is about 220 km/s, so that it completes one revolution every 240 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Lang2013-295">[276]</a> This revolution is known as the Solar System's <a href="Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">galactic year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[280]</a> The <a href="Solar_apex" title="Solar apex">solar apex</a>, the direction of the Sun's path through interstellar space, is near the constellation <a href="Hercules_(constellation)" title="Hercules (constellation)">Hercules</a> in the direction of the current location of the bright star <a href="Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[281]</a> The plane of the ecliptic lies at an angle of about 60° to the <a href="Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">galactic plane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-angle-16">[c]</a>

The Sun follows a nearly circular orbit around the <a href="Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a> (where the <a href="Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a> <a href="Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a> resides) at a distance of 26,660 light-years,<a href="#cite_note-302">[283]</a> orbiting at roughly the same speed as that of the spiral arms.<a href="#cite_note-astrobiology-303">[284]</a> If it orbited close to the center, gravitational tugs from nearby stars could perturb bodies in the <a href="#Oort_cloud">Oort cloud</a> and send many comets into the inner Solar System, producing collisions with potentially catastrophic implications for life on Earth. In this scenario, the intense radiation of the Galactic Center could interfere with the development of complex life.<a href="#cite_note-astrobiology-303">[284]</a>

The Solar System's location in the Milky Way is a factor in the <a href="Evolutionary_history_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary history of life">evolutionary history of life</a> on Earth. Spiral arms are home to a far larger concentration of <a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>, gravitational instabilities, and radiation that could disrupt the Solar System, but since Earth stays in the Local Spur and therefore does not pass frequently through spiral arms, this has given Earth long periods of stability for life to evolve.<a href="#cite_note-astrobiology-303">[284]</a> However, according to the controversial <a href="Shiva_hypothesis" title="Shiva hypothesis">Shiva hypothesis</a>, the changing position of the Solar System relative to other parts of the Milky Way could explain periodic <a href="Extinction_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinction events">extinction events</a> on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-304">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[286]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_exploration">Discovery and exploration</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery and exploration of the Solar System</a></div>

Humanity's knowledge of the Solar System has grown incrementally over the centuries. Up to the <a href="Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>–<a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, astronomers from Europe to India believed Earth to <a href="Geocentrism" title="Geocentrism">be stationary at the center</a> of the universe<a href="#cite_note-306">[287]</a> and categorically different from the divine or ethereal objects that moved through the sky. Although the <a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> philosopher <a href="Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a> had speculated on a <a href="Heliocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentric">heliocentric</a> reordering of the cosmos, <a href="Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> was the first person known to have developed <a href="Copernican_heliocentrism" title="Copernican heliocentrism">a mathematically predictive heliocentric system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[289]</a>

Heliocentrism did not triumph immediately over geocentrism, but the work of Copernicus had its champions, notably <a href="Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>. Using a heliocentric model that improved upon Copernicus by allowing orbits to be elliptical, and the precise observational data of <a href="Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a>, Kepler produced the <a href="Rudolphine_Tables" title="Rudolphine Tables">Rudolphine Tables</a>, which enabled accurate computations of the positions of the then-known planets. <a href="Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a> used them to predict a <a href="Transit_of_Mercury" title="Transit of Mercury">transit of Mercury</a> in 1631, and <a href="Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks</a> did the same for a <a href="Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> in 1639. This provided a strong vindication of heliocentrism and Kepler's elliptical orbits.<a href="#cite_note-309">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[291]</a>

In the 17th century, <a href="Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> publicized the use of the telescope in astronomy; he and <a href="Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> independently discovered that Jupiter had four satellites in orbit around it.<a href="#cite_note-311">[292]</a> <a href="Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> followed on from these observations by discovering Saturn's moon <a href="Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> and the shape of the <a href="Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">rings of Saturn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[293]</a> In 1677, <a href="Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a> observed a transit of Mercury across the Sun, leading him to realize that observations of the <a href="Solar_parallax" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar parallax">solar parallax</a> of a planet (more ideally using the transit of Venus) could be used to <a href="Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometrically</a> determine the distances between Earth, <a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-313">[294]</a> Halley's friend <a href="Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, in his magisterial <a href="Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a> of 1687, demonstrated that celestial bodies are not quintessentially different from Earthly ones: the same <a href="Newton's_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">laws of motion</a> and of <a href="Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">gravity</a> apply on Earth and in the skies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-70">[57]</a>: 142

The term "Solar System" entered the English language by 1704, when <a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> used it to refer to the Sun, planets, and comets.<a href="#cite_note-314">[295]</a> In 1705, Halley realized that repeated sightings of <a href="Halley's_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">a comet</a> were of the same object, returning regularly once every 75–76 years. This was the first evidence that anything other than the planets repeatedly orbited the Sun,<a href="#cite_note-315">[296]</a> though <a href="Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> had theorized this about comets in the 1st century.<a href="#cite_note-316">[297]</a> Careful observations of the 1769 transit of Venus allowed astronomers to calculate the average Earth–Sun distance as 93,726,900 miles (150,838,800 km), only 0.8% greater than the modern value.<a href="#cite_note-317">[298]</a>

<a href="Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, having occasionally been observed since 1690 and possibly from antiquity, was recognized to be a planet orbiting beyond Saturn by 1783.<a href="#cite_note-318">[299]</a> In 1838, <a href="Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Bessel</a> successfully measured a <a href="Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">stellar parallax</a>, an apparent shift in the position of a star created by Earth's motion around the Sun, providing the first direct, experimental proof of heliocentrism.<a href="#cite_note-319">[300]</a> <a href="Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> was identified as a planet some years later, in 1846, thanks to its gravitational pull causing a slight but detectable variation in the orbit of Uranus.<a href="#cite_note-320">[301]</a> <a href="Perihelion_precession_of_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion precession of Mercury">Mercury's orbital anomaly</a> observations led to searches for <a href="Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a>, a planet interior of Mercury, but these attempts were quashed with <a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s theory of <a href="General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Clemence-321">[302]</a>

In the 20th century, humans began their space exploration around the Solar System, starting with placing <a href="Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">telescopes in space</a> since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-322">[303]</a> By 1989, all eight planets have been visited by space probes.<a href="#cite_note-FactSheet-323">[304]</a> Probes have returned samples from comets<a href="#cite_note-324">[305]</a> and asteroids,<a href="#cite_note-325">[306]</a> as well as flown through the <a href="Sun's_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun's corona">Sun's corona</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[307]</a> and visited two dwarf planets (<a href="Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> and <a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>).<a href="#cite_note-327">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20180907-328">[309]</a> To save on fuel, some space missions make use of <a href="Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist maneuvers</a>, such as the two <a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager probes</a> accelerating when flying by planets in the outer Solar System<a href="#cite_note-:7-329">[310]</a> and the <a href="Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> decelerating closer towards the Sun after its flyby of Venus.<a href="#cite_note-330">[311]</a>

Humans have landed on the Moon during the <a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> in the 1960s and 1970s<a href="#cite_note-331">[312]</a> and will return to the Moon in the 2020s with the <a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sn-20230313-332">[313]</a> Discoveries in the 20th and 21st century has prompted the <a href="Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">redefinition of the term planet</a> in 2006, hence the demotion of Pluto to a dwarf planet,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220118-333">[314]</a> and further interest in <a href="Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-334">[315]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary spaceflight</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_geological_features_of_the_Solar_System" title="Lists of geological features of the Solar System">Lists of geological features of the Solar System</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Solar_System_extremes" title="List of Solar System extremes">List of Solar System extremes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">List of Solar System objects by size</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_System_in_fiction" title="Solar System in fiction">Solar System in fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_mnemonic" title="Planetary mnemonic">Planetary mnemonic</a> – Phrase used to remember the planets of the Solar System</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The <a href="Asteroid_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid Belt">Asteroid Belt</a>, <a href="Kuiper_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper Belt">Kuiper Belt</a>, and <a href="Scattered_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattered Disc">Scattered Disc</a> are not added because the individual asteroids are too small to be shown on the diagram.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AgeSolarSystem-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AgeSolarSystem_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AgeSolarSystem_2-1">b</a> The date is based on the oldest <a href="Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusions</a> found to date in <a href="Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, 4568.2+0.2 −0.4 million years, and is thought to be the date of the formation of the first solid material in the collapsing nebula.<a href="#cite_note-29">[17]</a>

</li>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"> is the angle between the <a href="Ecliptic_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic pole">north pole of the ecliptic</a> and the north <a href="Galactic_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic pole">galactic pole</a> then:

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos \psi =\cos(\beta _{g})\cos(\beta _{e})\cos(\alpha _{g}-\alpha _{e})+\sin(\beta _{g})\sin(\beta _{e})}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./0355a973ffa402dc57f8f4371f702db85b17e989.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.341ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos \psi =\cos(\beta _{g})\cos(\beta _{e})\cos(\alpha _{g}-\alpha _{e})+\sin(\beta _{g})\sin(\beta _{e})}" loading="lazy">

where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{g}}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{g}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./876ecaef49f096f44b57f0258336275f8ba3a373.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.337ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{g}}" loading="lazy"> = 27° 07′ 42.01″ and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{g}}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{g}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./db73983682cbebba39553ac1760903b39e050466.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.509ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{g}}" loading="lazy"> = 12h 51m 26.282s are the declination and right ascension of the north galactic pole,<a href="#cite_note-301">[282]</a> whereas <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{e}}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{e}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./ea2097c0262c82b8e921dfcc2cc9873e238bc31c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.314ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{e}}" loading="lazy"> = 66° 33′ 38.6″ and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{e}}">

<msub>

</mrow>

</msub>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{e}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math><img src="./5a386d5764fd35c853376fd570d4c46300b19867.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.486ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{e}}" loading="lazy"> = 18h 0m 00s are those for the north pole of the ecliptic. (Both pairs of coordinates are for <a href="J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a> epoch.) The result of the calculation is 60.19°.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a> of the name varies. The <a href="International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>, the authoritative body regarding <a href="Astronomical_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical nomenclature">astronomical nomenclature</a>, specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects but uses mixed "Solar System" and "solar system" structures in their <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming/">naming guidelines document</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725053113/https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming">Archived</a> 25 July 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The name is commonly rendered in lower case ('solar system'), as, for example, in the <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/solar%20system">Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080127201148/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/solar%20system">Archived</a> 27 January 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The scale of the Solar System is sufficiently large that astronomers use a custom unit to express distances. The <a href="Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a>, abbreviated AU, is equal to 150,000,000 km; 93,000,000 mi. This is what the distance from the Earth to the Sun would be if the planet's orbit were perfectly circular.<a href="#cite_note-22">[13]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The <a href="International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>'s Minor Planet Center has yet to officially list Orcus, Quaoar, Gonggong, and Sedna as dwarf planets as of 2024.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> For more classifications of Solar System objects, see <a href="List_of_minor-planet_groups" title="List of minor-planet groups">List of minor-planet groups</a> and <a href="Comet#Classification" title="Comet">Comet § Classification</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-footnoteD-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteD_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteD_57-1">b</a> The mass of the Solar System excluding the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn can be determined by adding together all the calculated masses for its largest objects and using rough calculations for the masses of the Oort cloud (estimated at roughly 3 Earth masses),<a href="#cite_note-54">[42]</a> the Kuiper belt (estimated at 0.1 Earth mass)<a href="#cite_note-Delsanti-Beyond_The_Planets-55">[43]</a> and the asteroid belt (estimated to be 0.0005 Earth mass)<a href="#cite_note-Krasinsky2002-56">[44]</a> for a total, rounded upwards, of ~37 Earth masses, or 8.1% of the mass in orbit around the Sun. With the combined masses of Uranus and Neptune (~31 Earth masses) subtracted, the remaining ~6 Earth masses of material comprise 1.3% of the total orbiting mass.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_sources">Data sources</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFLurieHenryJaoQuinn2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lurie, John C.; Henry, Todd J.; Jao, Wei-Chun; et al. (2014). "The Solar neighborhood. XXXIV. A search for planets orbiting nearby M dwarfs using astrometry". The Astronomical Journal. 148 (5): 91. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.4820">1407.4820</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....148...91L">2014AJ....148...91L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F148%2F5%2F91">10.1088/0004-6256/148/5/91</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118492541">118492541</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RECONS-6"><a href="#cite_ref-RECONS_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.gsu.edu/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm">"The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems"</a>. astro.gsu.edu. Research Consortium On Nearby Stars, Georgia State University. 7 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071112173559/http://www.chara.gsu.edu/RECONS/TOP100.posted.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JPLbodies-7"><a href="#cite_ref-JPLbodies_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov">"Solar System Objects"</a>. NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707142304/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MPCSummary-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPCSummary_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPCSummary_8-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpc/summary">"Latest Published Data"</a>. The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305034947/https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpc/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Horizons-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Horizons_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYeomans" class="citation web cs1">Yeomans, Donald K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%278%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%272000-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272000-01-02%27&STEP_SIZE=%27200%20years%27&CENTER=%27@0%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27">"HORIZONS Web-Interface for Neptune Barycenter (Major Body=8)"</a>. jpl.nasa.gov. <a href="JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System">JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907055935/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%278%27&TABLE_TYPE=%27ELEMENTS%27&START_TIME=%272000-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272000-01-02%27&STEP_SIZE=%27200%20years%27&CENTER=%27%400%27&OUT_UNITS=%27AU-D%27">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2014.</cite> – Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Neptune Barycenter" and "Center: Solar System Barycenter (@0)".)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nasa-factsheet-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-factsheet_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-factsheet_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-factsheet_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-factsheet_110-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-factsheet_110-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-factsheet_110-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-factsheet_110-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-factsheet_110-7">h</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David (27 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet">"Planetary Fact Sheet – Metric"</a>. <a href="Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818181734/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-jplssd-144"><a href="#cite_ref-jplssd_144-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par">"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters"</a>. <a href="JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a> (Solar System Dynamics). 13 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101144111/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Horizons-Deimos-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Horizons-Deimos_147-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons">"HORIZONS Web-Interface"</a>. NASA. 21 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328180634/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JPLSSD-148"><a href="#cite_ref-JPLSSD_148-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par">"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters"</a>. <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (Solar System Dynamics). 13 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101144111/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-jpldata-245"><a href="#cite_ref-jpldata_245-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2225088">"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 225088 Gonggong (2007 OR10)"</a> (20 September 2015 last obs.). <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. 10 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610013703/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2225088">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-jpldata2-249"><a href="#cite_ref-jpldata2_249-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3830896">"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 TG387)"</a> (2018-10-17 last obs.). <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414180200/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=3830896">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-JPL_interstellar-3"><a href="#cite_ref-JPL_interstellar_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131121061128/http://interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellar/probe/introduction/neighborhood.html">"Our Local Galactic Neighborhood"</a>. interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov. Interstellar Probe Project. NASA. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interstellar.jpl.nasa.gov/interstellar/probe/introduction/neighborhood.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHurt2017" class="citation web cs1">Hurt, R. (8 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/resource/the-milky-way-galaxy/">"The Milky Way Galaxy"</a>. science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-twotino-10"><a href="#cite_ref-twotino_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChiangJordanMillisBuie2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chiang, E. I.; Jordan, A. B.; Millis, R. L.; et al. (2003). "Resonance Occupation in the Kuiper Belt: Case Examples of the 5:2 and Trojan Resonances". <a href="The_Astronomical_Journal" title="The Astronomical Journal">The Astronomical Journal</a>. 126 (1): 430–443. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0301458">astro-ph/0301458</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....126..430C">2003AJ....126..430C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F375207">10.1086/375207</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54079935">54079935</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-KuiperGap-11"><a href="#cite_ref-KuiperGap_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFde_la_Fuente_Marcosde_la_Fuente_Marcos2024" class="citation journal cs1">de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article-abstract/527/1/L110/7280408">"Past the outer rim, into the unknown: structures beyond the Kuiper Cliff"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters</a>. 527 (1) (published 20 September 2023): L110 – L114. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.03885">2309.03885</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024MNRAS.527L.110D">2024MNRAS.527L.110D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslad132">10.1093/mnrasl/slad132</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028132004/https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article-abstract/527/1/L110/7280408">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mumma-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mumma_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mumma_12-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMummaDisantiDello_RussoMagee-Sauer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mumma, M. J.; Disanti, M. A.; Dello Russo, N.; et al. (2003). "Remote infrared observations of parent volatiles in comets: A window on the early solar system". Advances in Space Research. 31 (12): 2563–2575. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AdSpR..31.2563M">2003AdSpR..31.2563M</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.575.5091">10.1.1.575.5091</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0273-1177%2803%2900578-7">10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00578-7</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-heliopause-13"><a href="#cite_ref-heliopause_13-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreicius2015" class="citation web cs1">Greicius, Tony (5 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611233345/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20130912.html#.UjJLPZKR86s">"NASA Spacecraft Embarks on Historic Journey Into Interstellar Space"</a>. nasa.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/voyager/voyager20130912.html#.UjJLPZKR86s">the original</a> on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Chebotarev-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chebotarev_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chebotarev_14-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFChebotarev1963" class="citation journal cs1">Chebotarev, G. A. (1 January 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1964SvA.....7..618C">"Gravitational Spheres of the Major Planets, Moon and Sun"</a>. Astronomicheskii Zhurnal. 40: 812. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964SvA.....7..618C">1964SvA.....7..618C</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6299">0004-6299</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507030847/https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1964SvA.....7..618C">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSouamiCressonBiernackiPierret2020" class="citation journal cs1">Souami, D; Cresson, J; Biernacki, C; Pierret, F (21 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstaa1520">"On the local and global properties of gravitational spheres of influence"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 496 (4): 4287–4297. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.13059">2005.13059</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstaa1520">10.1093/mnras/staa1520</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-francis14-17"><a href="#cite_ref-francis14_17-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFrancisAnderson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Charles; Anderson, Erik (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu631">"Two estimates of the distance to the Galactic Centre"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 441 (2): 1105–1114. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.2629">1309.2629</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.441.1105F">2014MNRAS.441.1105F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu631">10.1093/mnras/stu631</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119235554">119235554</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-roughfactsofthesun-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roughfactsofthesun_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roughfactsofthesun_18-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/sun/facts/">"Sun: Facts"</a>. science.nasa.gov. 14 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419151126/https://science.nasa.gov/sun/facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-IAU_Office_of_Astronomy_for_Education_y607-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAU_Office_of_Astronomy_for_Education_y607_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAU_Office_of_Astronomy_for_Education_y607_20-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astro4edu.org/resources/glossary/term/314/">"IAU Office of Astronomy for Education"</a>. astro4edu.org. IAU Office of Astronomy for Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211093539/https://astro4edu.org/resources/glossary/term/314/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-k349-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k349_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k349_21-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/solar-system-facts/">"Solar System: Facts"</a>. NASA Science. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStandish2005" class="citation journal cs1">Standish, E. M. (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921305001365">"The Astronomical Unit now"</a>. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 2004 (IAUC196): 163–179. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005tvnv.conf..163S">2005tvnv.conf..163S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921305001365">10.1017/S1743921305001365</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55944238">55944238</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-x579-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-x579_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-x579_26-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/solar%20system">"Definition of SOLAR SYSTEM"</a>. Merriam-Webster. 5 August 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-l783-27"><a href="#cite_ref-l783_27-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBoulter2025" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boulter, Michael (7 July 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/de/worterbuch/englisch/solar-system">"SOLAR SYSTEM Definition und Bedeutung"</a>. Collins Englisch Wörterbuch (in German). Retrieved 10 July 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-n787-28"><a href="#cite_ref-n787_28-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zxyw7yc">"Features of our Solar System guide for KS3 physics students"</a>. BBC Bitesize. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBouvierWadhwa2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bouvier, A.; <a href="Meenakshi_Wadhwa" title="Meenakshi Wadhwa">Wadhwa, M.</a> (2010). "The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 637–641. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatGe...3..637B">2010NatGe...3..637B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FNGEO941">10.1038/NGEO941</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56092512">56092512</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Arizona-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_30-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFZabludoff" class="citation web cs1">Zabludoff, Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atropos.as.arizona.edu/aiz/teaching/nats102/mario/solar_system.html">"Lecture 13: The Nebular Theory of the origin of the Solar System"</a>. NATS 102: The Physical Universe. University of Arizona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710135114/http://atropos.as.arizona.edu/aiz/teaching/nats102/mario/solar_system.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFIrvine1983" class="citation conference cs1">Irvine, W. M. (1983). "The chemical composition of the pre-solar nebula". Cometary exploration; Proceedings of the International Conference. Vol. 1. p. 3. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983coex....1....3I">1983coex....1....3I</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVorobyov2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vorobyov, Eduard I. (March 2011). "Embedded Protostellar Disks Around (Sub-)Solar Stars. II. Disk Masses, Sizes, Densities, Temperatures, and the Planet Formation Perspective". The Astrophysical Journal. 729 (2). id. 146. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.3090">1101.3090</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...729..146V">2011ApJ...729..146V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F729%2F2%2F146">10.1088/0004-637X/729/2/146</a>. <q>estimates of disk radii in the Taurus and Ophiuchus star forming regions lie in a wide range between 50 AU and 1000 AU, with a median value of 200 AU.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreaves2005" class="citation journal cs1">Greaves, Jane S. (7 January 2005). "Disks Around Stars and the Growth of Planetary Systems". <a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 307 (5706): 68–71. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307...68G">2005Sci...307...68G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101979">10.1126/science.1101979</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15637266">15637266</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27720602">27720602</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y56pS7SJs_8C&pg=PT29">"3. Present Understanding of the Origin of Planetary Systems"</a>. Strategy for the Detection and Study of Other Planetary Systems and Extrasolar Planetary Materials: 1990–2000. Washington D.C.: Space Studies Board, Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration, National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Academies Press. 1990. pp. 21–33. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0309041935</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409211803/https://books.google.com/books?id=y56pS7SJs_8C&pg=PT29&lpg=PT29">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBossDurisen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Boss, A. P.; Durisen, R. H. (2005). "Chondrule-forming Shock Fronts in the Solar Nebula: A Possible Unified Scenario for Planet and Chondrite Formation". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 621 (2): L137. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0501592">astro-ph/0501592</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...621L.137B">2005ApJ...621L.137B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F429160">10.1086/429160</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15244154">15244154</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bennett_8.2-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bennett_8.2_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bennett_8.2_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bennett_8.2_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bennett_8.2_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bennett_8.2_36-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFBennett2020" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Jeffrey O. (2020). "Chapter 8.2". The cosmic perspective (9th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-134-87436-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNagasawaThommesKenyonBromley2007" class="citation book cs1">Nagasawa, M.; Thommes, E. W.; Kenyon, S. J.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jila.colorado.edu/~pja/astr5820/nagasawa.pdf">"The Diverse Origins of Terrestrial-Planet Systems"</a> (PDF). In Reipurth, B.; Jewitt, D.; Keil, K. (eds.). Protostars and Planets V. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 639–654. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007prpl.conf..639N">2007prpl.conf..639N</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412010025/https://jila.colorado.edu/~pja/astr5820/nagasawa.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Yi2001-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Yi2001_38-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYiDemarqueKimLee2001" class="citation journal cs1">Yi, Sukyoung; Demarque, Pierre; Kim, Yong-Cheol; et al. (2001). "Toward Better Age Estimates for Stellar Populations: The Y2 Isochrones for Solar Mixture". <a href="Astrophysical_Journal_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal Supplement">Astrophysical Journal Supplement</a>. 136 (2): 417–437. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0104292">astro-ph/0104292</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJS..136..417Y">2001ApJS..136..417Y</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F321795">10.1086/321795</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118940644">118940644</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:4-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGough1981" class="citation journal cs1">Gough, D. O. (November 1981). "Solar Interior Structure and Luminosity Variations". Solar Physics. 74 (1): 21–34. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981SoPh...74...21G">1981SoPh...74...21G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00151270">10.1007/BF00151270</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120541081">120541081</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShaviv2003" class="citation journal cs1">Shaviv, Nir J. (2003). "Towards a Solution to the Early Faint Sun Paradox: A Lower Cosmic Ray Flux from a Stronger Solar Wind". <a href="Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>. 108 (A12): 1437. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astroph/0306477">astroph/0306477</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRA..108.1437S">2003JGRA..108.1437S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2003JA009997">10.1029/2003JA009997</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11148141">11148141</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChrysostomouLucas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chrysostomou, A.; Lucas, P. W. (2005). "The Formation of Stars". <a href="Contemporary_Physics" title="Contemporary Physics">Contemporary Physics</a>. 46 (1): 29–40. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ConPh..46...29C">2005ConPh..46...29C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0010751042000275277">10.1080/0010751042000275277</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120275197">120275197</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGomesLevisonTsiganisMorbidelli2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gomes, R.; Levison, H. F.; Tsiganis, K.; Morbidelli, A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03676">"Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets"</a>. Nature. 435 (7041): 466–469. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435..466G">2005Natur.435..466G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03676">10.1038/nature03676</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15917802">15917802</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCrida2009" class="citation book cs1">Crida, A. (2009). "Solar System Formation". Reviews in Modern Astronomy: Formation and Evolution of Cosmic Structures. Vol. 21. pp. 215–227. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0903.3008">0903.3008</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009RvMA...21..215C">2009RvMA...21..215C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9783527629190.ch12">10.1002/9783527629190.ch12</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783527629190</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118414100">118414100</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMalhotraHolmanIto2001" class="citation journal cs1">Malhotra, R.; Holman, Matthew; Ito, Takashi (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60054">"Chaos and stability of the solar system"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (22): 12342–12343. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9812342M">2001PNAS...9812342M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.231384098">10.1073/pnas.231384098</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60054">60054</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11606772">11606772</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRaymond2023" class="citation journal cs1">Raymond, Sean; et al. (27 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/527/3/6126/7452883?login=false">"Future trajectories of the Solar System: dynamical simulations of stellar encounters within 100 au"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 527 (3): 6126–6138. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12171">2311.12171</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024MNRAS.527.6126R">2024MNRAS.527.6126R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad3604">10.1093/mnras/stad3604</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210152219/https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/527/3/6126/7452883?login=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-mnras386_1-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mnras386_1_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnras386_1_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnras386_1_46-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchröderConnon_Smith2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, Robert (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x">"Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 386 (1): 155–163. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.4031">0801.4031</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..155S">2008MNRAS.386..155S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10073988">10073988</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/universe/exoplanets/giant-red-stars-may-heat-frozen-worlds-into-habitable-planets/">"Giant red stars may heat frozen worlds into habitable planets – NASA Science"</a>. 17 May 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAungwerojwitGänsickeDhillonDrake2024" class="citation journal cs1">Aungwerojwit, Amornrat; Gänsicke, Boris T; Dhillon, Vikram S; et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae750">"Long-term variability in debris transiting white dwarfs"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 530 (1): 117–128. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.04422">2404.04422</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstae750">10.1093/mnras/stae750</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/planetary-nebulas">"Planetary Nebulas"</a>. cfa.harvard.edu. Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406205913/https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/planetary-nebulas">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGesickiZijlstraMiller_Bertolami2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gesicki, K.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Miller Bertolami, M. M. (7 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-018-0453-9.epdf?sharing_token=XozRTVzMDBR74HQBj2lbV9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OzwWt8mLOdVW4Y_YiE39Le3Xp-8zVx5tUnLpAORu5j1mnJNZpxp_fWsbZgn60hEE3IHsu89UrtgD6uRRVi7jD74SBwEYsmB2RyB2RCfRqLbLr5EqTy1-rK2KrrLO-TxuHwLmapWXxYkuOn5Rgut4w4JuE1XKNeJeRNDNx_0juT0bPlXn9WB29_BzKx1pGlzEXtR677aZ3SUe5um8epWM4PgYT-VDXR6Jevm-M9SDszF4a2eWOeV0CdynDONJuE1n37sanK9itS1edHH_xrybrldJgWdACO4sxHnFn3DHdB0Q==">"The mysterious age invariance of the planetary nebula luminosity function bright cut-off"</a>. Nature Astronomy. 2 (7): 580–584. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.02643">1805.02643</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatAs...2..580G">2018NatAs...2..580G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-018-0453-9">10.1038/s41550-018-0453-9</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F82487">11336/82487</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256708667">256708667</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116173409/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-018-0453-9.epdf?sharing_token=XozRTVzMDBR74HQBj2lbV9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OzwWt8mLOdVW4Y_YiE39Le3Xp-8zVx5tUnLpAORu5j1mnJNZpxp_fWsbZgn60hEE3IHsu89UrtgD6uRRVi7jD74SBwEYsmB2RyB2RCfRqLbLr5EqTy1-rK2KrrLO-TxuHwLmapWXxYkuOn5Rgut4w4JuE1XKNeJeRNDNx_0juT0bPlXn9WB29_BzKx1pGlzEXtR677aZ3SUe5um8epWM4PgYT-VDXR6Jevm-M9SDszF4a2eWOeV0CdynDONJuE1n37sanK9itS1edHH_xrybrldJgWdACO4sxHnFn3DHdB0Q==">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planets/">"The Planets"</a>. NASA. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/facts/">"Kuiper Belt: Facts"</a>. NASA. 14 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312024528/https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWoolfson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Woolfson, M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2000.00012.x">"The origin and evolution of the solar system"</a>. <a href="Astronomy_%26_Geophysics" title="Astronomy & Geophysics">Astronomy & Geophysics</a>. 41 (1): 1.12 – 1.19. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A&G....41a..12W">2000A&G....41a..12W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2000.00012.x">10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.00012.x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMorbidelli2005" class="citation arxiv cs1">Morbidelli, Alessandro (2005). "Origin and dynamical evolution of comets and their reservoirs". <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512256">astro-ph/0512256</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Delsanti-Beyond_The_Planets-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delsanti-Beyond_The_Planets_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delsanti-Beyond_The_Planets_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delsanti-Beyond_The_Planets_55-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFDelsantiJewitt2006" class="citation web cs1">Delsanti, Audrey; Jewitt, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070129151907/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf">"The Solar System Beyond The Planets"</a> (PDF). Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 January 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Krasinsky2002-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krasinsky2002_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krasinsky2002_56-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrasinskyPitjevaVasilyevYagudina2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Georgij_A._Krasinsky" title="Georgij A. Krasinsky">Krasinsky, G. A.</a>; <a href="Elena_V._Pitjeva" title="Elena V. Pitjeva">Pitjeva, E. V.</a>; Vasilyev, M. V.; Yagudina, E. I. (July 2002). "Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt". <a href="Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a>. 158 (1): 98–105. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Icar..158...98K">2002Icar..158...98K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2002.6837">10.1006/icar.2002.6837</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html">"The Sun's Vital Statistics"</a>. Stanford Solar Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6BOkQXma3?url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2008,</cite> citing <cite id="CITEREFEddy1979" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, J. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm">A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab</a>. <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. p. 37. NASA SP-402. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730024856/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (7 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804224236/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html">"Saturn Fact Sheet"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Williams-Jupiter-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams-Jupiter_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams-Jupiter_60-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (23 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html">"Jupiter Fact Sheet"</a>. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122180353/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWeissmanJohnson2007" class="citation book cs1">Weissman, Paul Robert; Johnson, Torrence V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_u6d1/page/615">Encyclopedia of the solar system</a>. Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofso0000unse_u6d1/page/615">615</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-088589-3</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-j770-62"><a href="#cite_ref-j770_62-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSouamiSouchay2012" class="citation journal cs1">Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2012/07/aa19011-12.pdf">"The solar system's invariable plane"</a> (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: A133. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...543A.133S">2012A&A...543A.133S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219011">10.1051/0004-6361/201219011</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2025. <q>We note that for all the bodies (except for the Earth, of course), the inclination with respect to the invariable plane is smaller than the inclination with respect to the ecliptic. This is in particular the case for Jupiter and Saturn, for which the inclinations are 0°.3219 and 0°.9254 instead of 1°.3042 and 2°.4859, respectively.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Levison2003-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levison2003_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levison2003_63-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLevisonMorbidelli2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Harold_F._Levison" title="Harold F. Levison">Levison, H.F.</a>; Morbidelli, A. (27 November 2003). "The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during Neptune's migration". <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 426 (6965): 419–421. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.426..419L">2003Natur.426..419L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02120">10.1038/nature02120</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14647375">14647375</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4395099">4395099</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLevisonDuncan1997" class="citation journal cs1">Levison, Harold F.; Duncan, Martin J. (1997). "From the Kuiper Belt to Jupiter-Family Comets: The Spatial Distribution of Ecliptic Comets". <a href="Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a>. 127 (1): 13–32. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..127...13L">1997Icar..127...13L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1996.5637">10.1006/icar.1996.5637</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bennett_4.5-65"><a href="#cite_ref-bennett_4.5_65-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBennettDonahueSchneiderVoit2020" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Jeffrey O.; <a href="Megan_Donahue" title="Megan Donahue">Donahue, Megan</a>; Schneider, Nicholas; Voit, Mark (2020). "4.5 Orbits, Tides, and the Acceleration of Gravity". The Cosmic Perspective (9th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-134-87436-4</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1061866912">1061866912</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrossman2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Grossman, Lisa (13 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17603-planet-found-orbiting-its-star-backwards-for-first-time.html">"Planet found orbiting its star backwards for first time"</a>. New Scientist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017083955/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17603-planet-found-orbiting-its-star-backwards-for-first-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNakano2001" class="citation web cs1">Nakano, Syuichi (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/nk/nk866.htm">"OAA computing section circular"</a>. Oriental Astronomical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921103057/http://www.oaa.gr.jp/~oaacs/nk/nk866.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAgnorHamilton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Agnor, Craig B.; Hamilton, Douglas P. (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04792">"Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary–planet gravitational encounter"</a>. <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 441 (7090): 192–194. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441..192A">2006Natur.441..192A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04792">10.1038/nature04792</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16688170">16688170</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4420518">4420518</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415081402/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04792">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGallant1980" class="citation book cs1">Gallant, Roy A. (1980). Sedeen, Margaret (ed.). National Geographic Picture Atlas of Our Universe. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 82. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87044-356-9</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6533014">6533014</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFFrautschiOlenickApostolGoodstein2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Steven_Frautschi" title="Steven Frautschi">Frautschi, Steven C.</a>; Olenick, Richard P.; <a href="Tom_M._Apostol" title="Tom M. Apostol">Apostol, Tom M.</a>; <a href="David_L._Goodstein" class="mw-redirect" title="David L. Goodstein">Goodstein, David L.</a> (2007). <a href="The_Mechanical_Universe" title="The Mechanical Universe">The Mechanical Universe: Mechanics and Heat</a> (Advanced ed.). Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-71590-4</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227002144">227002144</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:8-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_71-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFFeynmanLeightonSands1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, Richard P.</a>; <a href="Robert_B._Leighton" title="Robert B. Leighton">Leighton, Robert B.</a>; <a href="Matthew_Sands" title="Matthew Sands">Sands, Matthew L.</a> (1989) [1965]. <a href="The_Feynman_Lectures_on_Physics" title="The Feynman Lectures on Physics">The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1</a>. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-02010-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/531535">531535</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLecarFranklinHolmanMurray2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lecar, Myron; Franklin, Fred A.; Holman, Matthew J.; Murray, Norman J. (2001). "Chaos in the Solar System". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 39 (1): 581–631. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0111600">astro-ph/0111600</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ARA&A..39..581L">2001ARA&A..39..581L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.39.1.581">10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.581</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55949289">55949289</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPiccirillo2020" class="citation book cs1">Piccirillo, Lucio (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0jpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210">Introduction to the Maths and Physics of the Solar System</a>. CRC Press. p. 210. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0429682803</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730084321/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Introduction_to_the_Maths_and_Physics_of/W0jpDwAAQBAJ?gbpv=1&pg=PA210">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Marochnik1995-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marochnik1995_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marochnik1995_74-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarochnikMukhin1995" class="citation conference cs1">Marochnik, L.; Mukhin, L. (1995). "Is Solar System Evolution Cometary Dominated?". In Shostak, G.S. (ed.). Progress in the Search for Extraterrestrial Life. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. Vol. 74. p. 83. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ASPC...74...83M">1995ASPC...74...83M</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-937707-93-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBiLiLiYang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bi, S. L.; Li, T. D.; Li, L. H.; Yang, W. M. (2011). "Solar Models with Revised Abundance". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 731 (2): L42. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.1032">1104.1032</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...731L..42B">2011ApJ...731L..42B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F731%2F2%2FL42">10.1088/2041-8205/731/2/L42</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118681206">118681206</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-arxiv1203_4898-76"><a href="#cite_ref-arxiv1203_4898_76-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEmilioKuhnBushScholl2012" class="citation journal cs1">Emilio, Marcelo; Kuhn, Jeff R.; Bush, Rock I.; Scholl, Isabelle F. (2012). "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 750 (2): 135. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4898">1203.4898</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...750..135E">2012ApJ...750..135E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F750%2F2%2F135">10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119255559">119255559</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. (23 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html">"Neptune Fact Sheet"</a>. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119045252/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJaki1972" class="citation journal cs1">Jaki, Stanley L. (1 July 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1119/1.1986734">"The Early History of the Titius-Bode Law"</a>. American Journal of Physics. 40 (7): 1014–1023. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972AmJPh..40.1014J">1972AmJPh..40.1014J</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1986734">10.1119/1.1986734</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505">0002-9505</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420161227/https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1119/1.1986734">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPhillips1965" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, J. P. (1965). "Kepler's Echinus". Isis. 56 (2): 196–200. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349957">10.1086/349957</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/227915">227915</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145268784">145268784</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Boss-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Boss_80-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBoss2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Boss, Alan (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2006/10/is-it-a-coincidence-that-most-of-the-planets-fall-within-the-titius-bode-laws-boundaries">"Is it a coincidence that most of the planets fall within the Titius-Bode law's boundaries?"</a>. Astronomy. Ask Astro. Vol. 30, no. 10. p. 70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316135255/https://astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2006/10/is-it-a-coincidence-that-most-of-the-planets-fall-within-the-titius-bode-laws-boundaries">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOttewell1989" class="citation web cs1">Ottewell, Guy (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710065429/http://www.noao.edu/education/peppercorn/pcmain.html">"The Thousand-Yard Model: or, Earth as a Peppercorn"</a>. NOAO Educational Outreach Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noao.edu/education/peppercorn/pcmain.html">the original</a> on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110412124455/http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~wbrewer/solarmodel.html">"Tours of Model Solar Systems"</a>. University of Illinois. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internal.psychology.illinois.edu/~wbrewer/solarmodel.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sedna-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Sedna_83-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715074955/http://www.kuriren.nu/arkiv/2005/11/17/Lokalt/1510647/Lule%C3%A5-%C3%A4r-Sedna.aspx">"Luleå är Sedna. I alla fall om vår sol motsvaras av Globen i Stockholm"</a>. Norrbotten Kuriren (in Swedish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuriren.nu/arkiv/2005/11/17/Lokalt/1510647/Lule%C3%A5-%C3%A4r-Sedna.aspx">the original</a> on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> See, for example, <cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Space_Science2004" class="citation web cs1">Office of Space Science (9 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/5-8/features/F_Solar_System_Scale.html">"Solar System Scale"</a>. NASA Educator Features. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827184323/http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/5-8/features/F_Solar_System_Scale.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Langner_et_al_2005-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Langner_et_al_2005_85-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLangnerPotgieter2005" class="citation journal cs1">Langner, U. W.; Potgieter, M. S. (2005). "Effects of the position of the solar wind termination shock and the heliopause on the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays". <a href="Advances_in_Space_Research" title="Advances in Space Research">Advances in Space Research</a>. 35 (12): 2084–2090. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AdSpR..35.2084L">2005AdSpR..35.2084L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2004.12.005">10.1016/j.asr.2004.12.005</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NASA-20150407-86"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20150407_86-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDychesChou2015" class="citation web cs1">Dyches, Preston; Chou, Felcia (7 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410113514/http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/the-solar-system-and-beyond-is-awash-in-water/">"The Solar System and Beyond is Awash in Water"</a>. <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/the-solar-system-and-beyond-is-awash-in-water">the original</a> on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobert_T._PappalardoWilliam_B._McKinnonK._Khurana2009" class="citation book cs1">Robert T. Pappalardo; William B. McKinnon; K. Khurana (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpcz2UoXejgC">Europa</a>. University of Arizona Press. p. 658. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8165-2844-8</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406102731/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpcz2UoXejgC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpcz2UoXejgC&pg=PA658">Extract of page 658</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415082720/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jpcz2UoXejgC&pg=PA658">Archived</a> 15 April 2023 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Martin082015-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin082015_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin082015_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin082015_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin082015_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin082015_88-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFMartinLivio2015" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Rebecca G.; Livio, Mario (2015). "The Solar System as an Exoplanetary System". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 810 (2): 105. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.00931">1508.00931</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...810..105M">2015ApJ...810..105M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F810%2F2%2F105">10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/105</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119119390">119119390</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKohler2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kohler, Susanna (25 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aasnova.org/2015/09/25/how-normal-is-our-solar-system">"How Normal is Our Solar System?"</a>. Aas Nova Highlights. American Astronomical Society: 313. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015nova.pres..313K">2015nova.pres..313K</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407043952/https://aasnova.org/2015/09/25/how-normal-is-our-solar-system">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSheppardTrujillo2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Scott_S._Sheppard" title="Scott S. Sheppard">Sheppard, Scott S.</a>; <a href="Chad_Trujillo" title="Chad Trujillo">Trujillo, Chadwick</a> (7 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2F152%2F6%2F221">"New extreme trans-Neptunian objects: Toward a super-Earth in the outer solar system"</a>. The Astronomical Journal. 152 (6): 221. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.08772">1608.08772</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AJ....152..221S">2016AJ....152..221S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2F152%2F6%2F221">10.3847/1538-3881/152/6/221</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-3881">1538-3881</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119187392">119187392</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVolkGladman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Volk, Kathryn; Gladman, Brett (2015). "Consolidating and Crushing Exoplanets: Did it happen here?". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>. 806 (2): L26. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.06558">1502.06558</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...806L..26V">2015ApJ...806L..26V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F806%2F2%2FL26">10.1088/2041-8205/806/2/L26</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118052299">118052299</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldreichLithwickSari2004" class="citation journal cs1">Goldreich, Peter; Lithwick, Yoram; Sari, Re'em (2004). "Final Stages of Planet Formation". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 614 (1): 497–507. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0404240">astro-ph/0404240</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...614..497G">2004ApJ...614..497G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F423612">10.1086/423612</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16419857">16419857</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric">"Sun: Facts & Figures"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric">the original</a> on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Woolfson00-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Woolfson00_94-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWoolfson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Woolfson, M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2000.00012.x">"The origin and evolution of the solar system"</a>. <a href="Astronomy_%26_Geophysics" title="Astronomy & Geophysics">Astronomy & Geophysics</a>. 41 (1): 12. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A&G....41a..12W">2000A&G....41a..12W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4004.2000.00012.x">10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.00012.x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZirker2002" class="citation book cs1">Zirker, Jack B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeyfromcente0000zirk">Journey from the Center of the Sun</a>. <a href="Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeyfromcente0000zirk/page/120">120–127</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-691-05781-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/what-color-sun">"What Color is the Sun?"</a>. NASA. 25 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426130849/https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/what-color-sun">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/GreenSun.html">"What Color is the Sun?"</a>. <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a> Solar Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030154449/http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/activities/GreenSun.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMejíasMinnitiAlonso-GarcíaBeamín2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mejías, Andrea; Minniti, Dante; Alonso-García, Javier; Beamín, Juan Carlos; Saito, Roberto K.; Solano, Enrique (2022). "VVVX near-IR photometry for 99 low-mass stars in the Gaia EDR3 Catalog of Nearby Stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 660: A131. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.00786">2203.00786</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022A&A...660A.131M">2022A&A...660A.131M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202141759">10.1051/0004-6361/202141759</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246842719">246842719</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFvan_AlbadaBaker1973" class="citation journal cs1">van Albada, T.S.; Baker, Norman (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F152434">"On the Two Oosterhoff Groups of Globular Clusters"</a>. <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 185: 477–498. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ApJ...185..477V">1973ApJ...185..477V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F152434">10.1086/152434</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLineweaver2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lineweaver, Charles H. (9 March 2001). "An Estimate of the Age Distribution of Terrestrial Planets in the Universe: Quantifying Metallicity as a Selection Effect". <a href="Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a>. 151 (2): 307–313. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0012399">astro-ph/0012399</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..151..307L">2001Icar..151..307L</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.254.7940">10.1.1.254.7940</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6607">10.1006/icar.2001.6607</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14077895">14077895</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKallenrode2004" class="citation book cs1">Kallenrode, May-Britt (2004). Space Physics: An introduction to plasmas and particles in the heliosphere and magnetospheres (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 150. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-20617-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53443301">53443301</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Voyager-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voyager_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voyager_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voyager_102-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFSteigerwald2005" class="citation web cs1">Steigerwald, Bill (24 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/voyager_agu.html">"Voyager Enters Solar System's Final Frontier"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516082547/https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/voyager_agu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SunFlip-103"><a href="#cite_ref-SunFlip_103-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPhillips2001" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Tony (15 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast15feb_1">"The Sun Does a Flip"</a>. NASA Science: Share the Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401050813/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast15feb_1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFraknoiMorrisonWolffBeck2022" class="citation book cs1">Fraknoi, Andrew; Morrison, David; Wolff, Sidney C.; et al. (2022) [2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719090803/http://worldcat.org/oclc/961476196">"15.4 Space weather"</a>. Astronomy. Houston, Texas: <a href="OpenStax" title="OpenStax">OpenStax</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-947-17224-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961476196">961476196</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstax.org/books/astronomy/pages/15-4-space-weather">the original</a> on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/22apr_currentsheet">"A Star with two North Poles"</a>. NASA Science: Share the Science. 22 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401192948/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/22apr_currentsheet">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRiley2002" class="citation journal cs1">Riley, Pete (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JA000299">"Modeling the heliospheric current sheet: Solar cycle variations"</a>. <a href="Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>. 107 (A7): 1136. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRA..107.1136R">2002JGRA..107.1136R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JA000299">10.1029/2001JA000299</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/focus-areas/inner-solar-system">"Inner Solar System"</a>. NASA Science: Share the Science. 10 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410004501/https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/focus-areas/inner-solar-system">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDel_GenioBrainNoackSchaefer2020" class="citation book cs1">Del Genio, Anthony D.; Brain, David; Noack, Lena; <a href="Laura_K._Schaefer" title="Laura K. Schaefer">Schaefer, Laura</a> (2020). "The Inner Solar System's Habitability Through Time". In Meadows, Victoria S.; Arney, Giada N.; Schmidt, Britney; Des Marais, David J. (eds.). Planetary Astrobiology. University of Arizona Press. p. 420. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.04776">1807.04776</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018arXiv180704776D">2018arXiv180704776D</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0816540655</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ryden-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryden_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryden_109-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRyden1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ryden, Robert (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.nctm.org/view/journals/mt/92/9/article-p786.xml">"Astronomical Math"</a>. The Mathematics Teacher. 92 (9): 786–792. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5951%2FMT.92.9.0786">10.5951/MT.92.9.0786</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5769">0025-5769</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27971203">27971203</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412010049/https://pubs.nctm.org/view/journals/mt/92/9/article-p786.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWattersSolomonRobinsonHead2009" class="citation journal cs1">Watters, Thomas R.; Solomon, Sean C.; Robinson, Mark S.; Head, James W.; André, Sarah L.; Hauck, Steven A.; Murchie, Scott L. (August 2009). "The tectonics of Mercury: The view after MESSENGER's first flyby". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 285 (3–4): 283–296. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009E&PSL.285..283W">2009E&PSL.285..283W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2009.01.025">10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.025</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Head_et_al_1981-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Head_et_al_1981_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Head_et_al_1981_112-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFHeadSolomon1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="James_W._Head" title="James W. Head">Head, James W.</a>; <a href="Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Solomon, Sean C.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721153426/http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/323.pdf">"Tectonic Evolution of the Terrestrial Planets"</a> (PDF). Science. 213 (4503): 62–76. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Sci...213...62H">1981Sci...213...62H</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.715.4402">10.1.1.715.4402</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.213.4503.62">10.1126/science.213.4503.62</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20020090713">2060/20020090713</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17741171">17741171</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/323.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTalbert2012" class="citation web cs1">Talbert, Tricia, ed. (21 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112170032/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20120321.html">"MESSENGER Provides New Look at Mercury's Surprising Core and Landscape Curiosities"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20120321.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Margot2012-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Margot2012_114-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMargotPealeSolomonHauck2012" class="citation journal cs1">Margot, Jean-Luc; Peale, Stanton J.; Solomon, Sean C.; Hauck, Steven A.; Ghigo, Frank D.; Jurgens, Raymond F.; Yseboodt, Marie; Giorgini, Jon D.; Padovan, Sebastiano; Campbell, Donald B. (2012). "Mercury's moment of inertia from spin and gravity data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 117 (E12): n/a. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGRE..117.0L09M">2012JGRE..117.0L09M</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.676.5383">10.1.1.676.5383</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2012JE004161">10.1029/2012JE004161</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22408219">22408219</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDomingueKoehnKillenSprague2009" class="citation journal cs1">Domingue, Deborah L.; Koehn, Patrick L.; et al. (2009). "Mercury's Atmosphere: A Surface-Bounded Exosphere". Space Science Reviews. 131 (1–4): 161–186. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SSRv..131..161D">2007SSRv..131..161D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-007-9260-9">10.1007/s11214-007-9260-9</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121301247">121301247</a>. <q>The composition of Mercury's exosphere, with its abundant H and He, clearly indicates a strong solar wind source. Once solar wind plasma and particles gain access to the magnetosphere, they predominantly precipitate to the surface, where solar wind species are neutralized, thermalized, and released again into the exosphere. Moreover, bombardment of the surface by solar wind particles, especially energetic ions, contributes to ejection of neutral species from the surface into the exosphere (via "sputtering") as well as other chemical and physical surface modification processes.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-spaceplace.nasa.gov-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spaceplace.nasa.gov_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spaceplace.nasa.gov_116-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/how-many-moons/en/">"How Many Moons Does Each Planet Have? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids"</a>. spaceplace.nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421061913/https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/how-many-moons/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-u3r1a-117"><a href="#cite_ref-u3r1a_117-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLebonnoisSchubert2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lebonnois, Sebastien; Schubert, Gerald (26 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635402/file/deepatm_persp_rev2.pdf">"The deep atmosphere of Venus and the possible role of density-driven separation of CO2 and N2"</a> (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 10 (7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 473–477. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatGe..10..473L">2017NatGe..10..473L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo2971">10.1038/ngeo2971</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894">1752-0894</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133864520">133864520</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504081028/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635402/file/deepatm_persp_rev2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBullock1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Bullock, Mark Alan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202751/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf">The Stability of Climate on Venus</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). Southwest Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRincon1999" class="citation web cs1">Rincon, Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202807/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/Science2_1999.pdf">"Climate Change as a Regulator of Tectonics on Venus"</a> (PDF). Johnson Space Center Houston, TX, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/Science2_1999.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFElkins-TantonSmrekarHessParmentier2007" class="citation journal cs1">Elkins-Tanton, L. T.; Smrekar, S. E.; Hess, P. C.; Parmentier, E. M. (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JE002793">"Volcanism and volatile recycling on a one-plate planet: Applications to Venus"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (E4). <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRE..112.4S06E">2007JGRE..112.4S06E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JE002793">10.1029/2006JE002793</a>. E04S06.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-life-121"><a href="#cite_ref-life_121-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408055814/http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/big-questions/what-are-the-characteristics-of-the-solar-system-that-lead-to-the-origins-of-life-1">"What are the characteristics of the Solar System that lead to the origins of life?"</a>. NASA Science (Big Questions). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/big-questions/what-are-the-characteristics-of-the-solar-system-that-lead-to-the-origins-of-life-1">the original</a> on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-handbook-122"><a href="#cite_ref-handbook_122-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaynes2016–2017" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, H. M., ed. (2016–2017). <a href="CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 14-3. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4987-5428-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT-20131003-123"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131003_123-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZimmer2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Zimmer, Carl</a> (3 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003121909/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html">"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-climate_zones-124"><a href="#cite_ref-climate_zones_124-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808131632/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html">"Climate Zones"</a>. UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/climate/older/Climate_Zones.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Carlowicz_Simmon_2019-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Carlowicz_Simmon_2019_125-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarlowiczSimmon2019" class="citation web cs1">Carlowicz, Michael; Simmon, Robert (15 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ForestCarbon#:~:text=They%20cover%20about%2030%20percent,percent%20of%20the%20Earth's%20land.">"Seeing Forests for the Trees and the Carbon: Mapping the World's Forests in Three Dimensions"</a>. NASA Earth Observatory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231005400/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ForestCarbon#:~:text=They%20cover%20about%2030%20percent,percent%20of%20the%20Earth's%20land.">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Cain_2010-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Cain_2010_126-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCain2010" class="citation web cs1">Cain, Fraser (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universetoday.com/65639/what-percentage-of-the-earths-land-surface-is-desert/">"What Percentage of the Earth's Land Surface is Desert?"</a>. Universe Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103153344/https://www.universetoday.com/65639/what-percentage-of-the-earths-land-surface-is-desert/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-National_Geographic_Society_2006-127"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Geographic_Society_2006_127-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ice-sheet/">"Ice Sheet"</a>. National Geographic Society. 6 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127174259/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ice-sheet/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPentreath2021" class="citation book cs1">Pentreath, R. J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avRVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">Radioecology: Sources and Consequences of Ionising Radiation in the Environment</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–97. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1009040334</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420161217/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Radioecology/avRVEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/">"Facts About Earth – NASA Science"</a>. NASA Science. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Metzger2021-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger2021_130-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMetzgerGrundySykesStern2021" class="citation cs2"><a href="Philip_T._Metzger" title="Philip T. Metzger">Metzger, Philip</a>; Grundy, Will; Sykes, Mark; Stern, Alan; Bell, James; Detelich, Charlene; Runyon, Kirby; Summers, Michael (2021), "Moons are planets: Scientific usefulness versus cultural teleology in the taxonomy of planetary science", <a href="Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a>, 374 114768, <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.15285">2110.15285</a>, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Icar..37414768M">2022Icar..37414768M</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2021.114768">10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768</a>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240071005">240071005</a></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308112332/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm">"The Smell of Moondust"</a>. NASA. 30 January 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMelosh1989" class="citation book cs1">Melosh, H. J. (1989). Impact cratering: A geologic process. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-504284-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNorman2004" class="citation web cs1">Norman, M. (21 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html">"The Oldest Moon Rocks"</a>. Planetary Science Research Discoveries. Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418152325/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGlobus1977" class="citation book cs1">Globus, Ruth (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531205037/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html">"Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere"</a>. In Richard D. Johnson & Charles Holbrow (ed.). Space Settlements: A Design Study. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Seidelmann2007-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_135-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSeidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; Hestroffer, Daniel; Hilton, James L.; Krasinsky, Georgij A.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Oberst, Jürgen; Stooke, Philip J.; Tedesco, Edward F.; Tholen, David J.; Thomas, Peter C.; Williams, Iwan P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y">"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006"</a>. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 98 (3): 155–180. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CeMDA..98..155S">2007CeMDA..98..155S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeplow2004" class="citation journal cs1">Peplow, Mark (6 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/news040503-6">"How Mars got its rust"</a>. Nature: news040503–6. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews040503-6">10.1038/news040503-6</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407105832/https://www.nature.com/articles/news040503-6">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marsed.asu.edu/mep/ice/polar-caps">"Polar Caps"</a>. Mars Education at Arizona State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133135/https://marsed.asu.edu/mep/ice/polar-caps">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGatlingLeovy2007" class="citation book cs1">Gatling, David C.; Leovy, Conway (2007). "Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface Interactions". In Lucy-Ann McFadden; et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of the Solar System. pp. 301–314.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNoever2004" class="citation web cs1">Noever, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314112555/https://www.astrobio.net/mars/modern-martian-marvels-volcanoes">"Modern Martian Marvels: Volcanoes?"</a>. NASA Astrobiology Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astrobio.net/mars/modern-martian-marvels-volcanoes">the original</a> on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ismars-140"><a href="#cite_ref-ismars_140-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/videos/index.cfm?v=29&a=2">NASA – Mars in a Minute: Is Mars Really Red?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720135450/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/videos/index.cfm?v=29&a=2">Archived</a> 20 July 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/videos/movies/miam20111110/miam20111110.pdf">Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106174558/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/videos/movies/miam20111110/miam20111110.pdf">Archived</a> 6 November 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nimmo_2005-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo_2005_141-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNimmoTanaka2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nimmo, Francis; Tanaka, Ken (2005). "Early Crustal Evolution of Mars". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 33 (1): 133–161. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AREPS..33..133N">2005AREPS..33..133N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.33.092203.122637">10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45843366">45843366</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-swind-142"><a href="#cite_ref-swind_142-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPhilips2001" class="citation web cs1">Philips, Tony (31 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818180040/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast31jan_1/">"The Solar Wind at Mars"</a>. Science@NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast31jan_1/">the original</a> on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2022.</cite> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT-20200725-143"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20200725_143-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAndrews2020" class="citation news cs1">Andrews, Robin George (25 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/25/science/mars-moons-phobos-deimos.html">"Why the 'Super Weird' Moons of Mars Fascinate Scientists – What's the big deal about little Phobos and tinier Deimos?"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725094039/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/25/science/mars-moons-phobos-deimos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422160500/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/mars/phobos.shtml">"Phobos"</a>. <a href="BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a>. 12 January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/mars/phobos.shtml">the original</a> on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarviews.com/cap/mars/phobos2.htm">"Stickney Crater-Phobos"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103010644/http://www.solarviews.com/cap/mars/phobos2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2024. <q>One of the most striking features of Phobos, aside from its irregular shape, is its giant crater Stickney. Because Phobos is only 28 by 20 kilometers (17 by 12 mi), it must have been nearly shattered from the force of the impact that caused the giant crater. Grooves that extend across the surface from Stickney appear to be surface fractures caused by the impact.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Deimos-moon-of-Mars">"Deimos"</a>. Britannica. 6 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112023547/https://www.britannica.com/place/Deimos-moon-of-Mars">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2024. <q>It thus appears smoother than Phobos because its craters lie partially buried under this loose material.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090603001603/http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/newspaper">"IAU Planet Definition Committee"</a>. International Astronomical Union. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/newspaper">the original</a> on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103110110/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=601">"Are Kuiper Belt Objects asteroids? Are large Kuiper Belt Objects planets?"</a>. <a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=601">the original</a> on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSnodgrassAgarwalCombiFitzsimmons2017" class="citation journal cs1">Snodgrass, Colin; Agarwal, Jessica; Combi, Michael; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Guilbert-Lepoutre, Aurelie; Hsieh, Henry H.; Hui, Man-To; Jehin, Emmanuel; Kelley, Michael S. P.; Knight, Matthew M.; Opitom, Cyrielle (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00159-017-0104-7">"The Main Belt Comets and ice in the Solar System"</a>. The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 25 (1): 5. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.05549">1709.05549</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A&ARv..25....5S">2017A&ARv..25....5S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00159-017-0104-7">10.1007/s00159-017-0104-7</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0935-4956">0935-4956</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7683815">7683815</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420161227/https://idp.springer.com/favicon.ico">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JPLcrosserlist-153"><a href="#cite_ref-JPLcrosserlist_153-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb_query.cgi?obj_group=all;obj_kind=ast;obj_numbered=all;OBJ_field=0;ORB_field=0;c1_group=ORB;c1_item=Bi;c1_op=%3C;c1_value=0.3075;table_format=HTML;max_rows=200;format_option=comp;c_fields=BgBhBiBjBnBsChAcCq;.cgifields=format_option;.cgifields=ast_orbit_class;.cgifields=table_format;.cgifields=obj_kind;.cgifields=obj_group;.cgifields=obj_numbered;.cgifields=com_orbit_class&query=1&c_sort=BiA">List of asteroids with q<0.3075 AU generated by the JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213657/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb_query.cgi?obj_group=all&obj_kind=ast&obj_numbered=all&OBJ_field=0&ORB_field=0&c1_group=ORB&c1_item=Bi&c1_op=%3C&c1_value=0.3075&table_format=HTML&max_rows=200&format_option=comp&c_fields=BgBhBiBjBnBsChAcCq&.cgifields=format_option&.cgifields=ast_orbit_class&.cgifields=table_format&.cgifields=obj_kind&.cgifields=obj_group&.cgifields=obj_numbered&.cgifields=com_orbit_class&query=1&c_sort=BiA">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 30 May 2012

</li>

<li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDurdaSternColwellParker2004" class="citation journal cs1">Durda, D .D.; Stern, S. A.; Colwell, W. B.; Parker, J. W.; Levison, H. F.; Hassler, D. M. (2004). "A New Observational Search for Vulcanoids in SOHO/LASCO Coronagraph Images". <a href="Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a>. 148 (1): 312–315. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Icar..148..312D">2000Icar..148..312D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6520">10.1006/icar.2000.6520</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Steffl2013-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Steffl2013_155-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStefflCunninghamShinnStern2013" class="citation journal cs1">Steffl, A. J.; Cunningham, N. J.; Shinn, A. B.; Stern, S. A. (2013). "A Search for Vulcanoids with the STEREO Heliospheric Imager". Icarus. 233 (1): 48–56. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3804">1301.3804</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Icar..223...48S">2013Icar..223...48S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2012.11.031">10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.031</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118612132">118612132</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBolinAhumadavan_DokkumFremling2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bolin, Bryce T.; Ahumada, T.; van Dokkum, P.; Fremling, C.; Granvik, M.; Hardegree-Ullmann, K. K.; Harikane, Y.; Purdum, J. N.; Serabyn, E.; Southworth, J.; Zhai, C. (November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/517/1/L49/6665933">"The discovery and characterization of (594913) 'Ayló'chaxnim, a kilometre sized asteroid inside the orbit of Venus"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters</a>. 517 (1): L49 – L54. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.07253">2208.07253</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.517L..49B">2022MNRAS.517L..49B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslac089">10.1093/mnrasl/slac089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001070557/https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/517/1/L49/6665933">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-jpello-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpello_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpello_157-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_query.html#!">"Small-Body Database Query"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927184129/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_query.html#!">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-158"><a href="#cite_ref-MorbidelliAstIII_158-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMorbidelliBottkeFroeschléMichel2002" class="citation book cs1">Morbidelli, A.; Bottke, W.F.; Froeschlé, Ch.; Michel, P. (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bottke/Reprints/Morbidelli-etal_2002_AstIII_NEOs.pdf">"Origin and Evolution of Near-Earth Objects"</a> (PDF). In W.F. Bottke Jr.; A. Cellino; P. Paolicchi; R.P. Binzel (eds.). Asteroids III. University of Arizona Press. pp. 409–422. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002aste.book..409M">2002aste.book..409M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1v7zdn4.33">10.2307/j.ctv1v7zdn4.33</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8165-2281-1</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809014123/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bottke/Reprints/Morbidelli-etal_2002_AstIII_NEOs.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CNEOS-Basics-159"><a href="#cite_ref-CNEOS-Basics_159-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/about/neo_groups.html">"NEO Basics – Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs)"</a>. CNEOS NASA/JPL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111141623/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/about/neo_groups.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NEO-groups-160"><a href="#cite_ref-NEO-groups_160-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaalke" class="citation web cs1">Baalke, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020202160655/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/groups.html">"Near-Earth Object Groups"</a>. <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/groups.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2002. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-neo-jpl-stats-161"><a href="#cite_ref-neo-jpl-stats_161-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/totals.html">"Discovery Statistics – Cumulative Totals"</a>. NASA/JPL CNEOS. 30 December 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250101175111/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/totals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2025. Retrieved 1 January 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BROWN02-162"><a href="#cite_ref-BROWN02_162-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMonastersky1997" class="citation news cs1">Monastersky, Richard (1 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/archive/call-catastrophes">"The Call of Catastrophes"</a>. Science News Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040313165341/http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc97/75th/rm_essay.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2004. Retrieved 2 January 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFC._A._Angeli_–_D._Lazzaro2002" class="citation journal cs1">C. A. Angeli – D. Lazzaro (2002). "Spectral properties of Mars-crossers and near-Earth objects". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 391 (2): 757–765. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20020834">10.1051/0004-6361:20020834</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPetitMorbidelliChambers2001" class="citation journal cs1">Petit, J.-M.; Morbidelli, A.; Chambers, J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221085835/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/reading/asteroids.pdf">"The Primordial Excitation and Clearing of the Asteroid Belt"</a> (PDF). <a href="Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a>. 153 (2): 338–347. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..153..338P">2001Icar..153..338P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2001.6702">10.1006/icar.2001.6702</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/classes/ge133/reading/asteroids.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTedescoCellinoZappalá2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tedesco, Edward F.; Cellino, Alberto; Zappalá, Vincenzo (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F429734">"The Statistical Asteroid Model. I. The Main-Belt Population for Diameters Greater than 1 Kilometer"</a>. The Astronomical Journal. 129 (6): 2869–2886. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....129.2869T">2005AJ....129.2869T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F429734">10.1086/429734</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119906696">119906696</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/12195/cassini-passes-through-asteroid-belt">"Cassini Passes Through Asteroid Belt"</a>. NASA. 14 April 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125180703/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/12195/cassini-passes-through-asteroid-belt">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcCordMcFaddenRussellSotin2006" class="citation journal cs1">McCord, Thomas B.; McFadden, Lucy A.; Russell, Christopher T.; Sotin, Christophe; Thomas, Peter C. (7 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2006EO100002">"Ceres, Vesta, and Pallas: Protoplanets, Not Asteroids"</a>. Eos. 87 (10): 105. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EOSTr..87..105M">2006EOSTr..87..105M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006EO100002">10.1029/2006EO100002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928160233/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2006EO100002">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nasa-dawn20110329-168"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa-dawn20110329_168-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCook,_Jia-Rui_C.2011" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Jia-Rui C. (29 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/news/dawn20110329.html">"When Is an Asteroid Not an Asteroid?"</a>. NASA/JPL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163004/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/news/dawn20110329.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Marsset2020-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Marsset2020_169-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarssetBrožVernazzaDrouard2020" class="citation journal cs1">Marsset, M.; Brož, M.; Vernazza, P.; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/246670/1/Pallas_Marsset.pdf">"The violent collisional history of aqueously evolved (2) Pallas"</a> (PDF). Nature Astronomy. 4 (6): 569–576. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatAs...4..569M">2020NatAs...4..569M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-019-1007-5">10.1038/s41550-019-1007-5</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F237549">10261/237549</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212927521">212927521</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107085352/https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/246670/1/Pallas_Marsset.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-IAU-QA-170"><a href="#cite_ref-IAU-QA_170-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/">"Question and answers 2"</a>. IAU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130022141/http://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2008. <q>Ceres is (or now we can say it was) the largest asteroid ... There are many other asteroids that can come close to the orbital path of Ceres.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ermakov2017-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Ermakov2017_171-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFErmakovFuCastillo-RogezRaymond2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ermakov, A. I.; Fu, R. R.; Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Raymond, C. A.; Park, R. S.; Preusker, F.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E.; Zuber, M. T. (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017JE005302">"Constraints on Ceres' Internal Structure and Evolution From Its Shape and Gravity Measured by the Dawn Spacecraft"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 122 (11): 2267–2293. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRE..122.2267E">2017JGRE..122.2267E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017JE005302">10.1002/2017JE005302</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133739176">133739176</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Nature_12_2018-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_12_2018_172-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarchiRaponiPrettymanDe_Sanctis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Marchi, S.; Raponi, A.; Prettyman, T. H.; De Sanctis, M. C.; Castillo-Rogez, J.; Raymond, C. A.; Ammannito, E.; Bowling, T.; Ciarniello, M.; Kaplan, H.; Palomba, E.; Russell, C. T.; Vinogradoff, V.; Yamashita, N. (2018). "An aqueously altered carbon-rich Ceres". <a href="Nature_Astronomy" title="Nature Astronomy">Nature Astronomy</a>. 3 (2): 140–145. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-018-0656-0">10.1038/s41550-018-0656-0</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135013590">135013590</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EPSC2-173"><a href="#cite_ref-EPSC2_173-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRaymondCastillo-RogezParkErmakov2018" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, C.; Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Park, R. S.; Ermakov, A.; et al. (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-645-1.pdf">"Dawn Data Reveal Ceres' Complex Crustal Evolution"</a> (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress. Vol. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130111631/https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-645-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrummheuer2017" class="citation web cs1">Krummheuer, Birgit (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mps.mpg.de/Cryovolcanism-on-Dwarf-Planet-Ceres">"Cryovolcanism on Dwarf Planet Ceres"</a>. Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202180118/https://www.mps.mpg.de/Cryovolcanism-on-Dwarf-Planet-Ceres">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universetoday.com/134922/confirmed-ceres-transient-atmosphere/">"Confirmed: Ceres Has a Transient Atmosphere"</a>. Universe Today. 6 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415103956/https://www.universetoday.com/134922/confirmed-ceres-transient-atmosphere/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Astronomy_&_Astrophysics-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Astronomy_&_Astrophysics_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Astronomy_&_Astrophysics_176-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFVernazzaFerraisJordaHanus2022" class="citation report cs1">Vernazza, Pierre; Ferrais, Marin; Jorda, Laurent; Hanus, Josef; Carry, Benoit; Marsset, Michael; Brož, Miroslav; Fetick, Roman; HARISSA team (6 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2022/EPSC2022-103.html">VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of D>100 km asteroids: Final results and synthesis</a> (Report). Astronomy & Astrophysics. p. A56. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fepsc2022-103">10.5194/epsc2022-103</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422145344/https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2022/EPSC2022-103.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-planetarysociety-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-planetarysociety_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-planetarysociety_177-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLakdawalla2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Emily_Lakdawalla" title="Emily Lakdawalla">Lakdawalla, Emily</a>; et al. (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet">"What Is A Planet?"</a>. The Planetary Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142140/https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Vestainterior-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Vestainterior_178-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpg.de/877913/Vesta_asteroid">"A look into Vesta's interior"</a>. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. 6 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305200352/https://www.mpg.de/877913/Vesta_asteroid">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Takeda1997-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Takeda1997_179-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTakeda,_H.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Takeda, H. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1997.tb01574.x">"Mineralogical records of early planetary processes on the HED parent body with reference to Vesta"</a>. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 32 (6): 841–853. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997M&PS...32..841T">1997M&PS...32..841T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.1997.tb01574.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01574.x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Schenk2012-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Schenk2012_180-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchenk,_P.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schenk, P.; et al. (2012). "The Geologically Recent Giant Impact Basins at Vesta's South Pole". Science. 336 (6082): 694–697. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336..694S">2012Sci...336..694S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1223272">10.1126/science.1223272</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22582256">22582256</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206541950">206541950</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121181742/https://josephgorourke.com/research">"Athena: A SmallSat Mission to (2) Pallas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://josephgorourke.com/research">the original</a> on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AutoCB-19-182"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoCB-19_182-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFeierberg,_M._A.Larson,_H._P.Lebofsky,_L._A.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Feierberg, M. A.; Larson, H. P.; Lebofsky, L. A. (1982). "The 3 Micron Spectrum of Asteroid 2 Pallas". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 14: 719. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982BAAS...14..719F">1982BAAS...14..719F</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Barucci-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Barucci_183-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarucciKruikshankMottolaLazzarin2002" class="citation book cs1">Barucci, M. A.; Kruikshank, D. P.; Mottola, S.; Lazzarin, M. (2002). "Physical Properties of Trojan and Centaur Asteroids". Asteroids III. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 273–287.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-spies-184"><a href="#cite_ref-spies_184-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/T/Trojan+Asteroids">"Trojan Asteroids"</a>. Cosmos. Swinburne University of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623182748/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/T/Trojan+Asteroids">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Connors-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Connors_185-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFConnorsWiegertVeillet2011" class="citation journal cs1">Connors, Martin; Wiegert, Paul; Veillet, Christian (27 July 2011). "Earth's Trojan asteroid". <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 475 (7357): 481–483. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.475..481C">2011Natur.475..481C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10233">10.1038/nature10233</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21796207">21796207</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205225571">205225571</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-secondUranus-186"><a href="#cite_ref-secondUranus_186-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFde_la_Fuente_Marcosde_la_Fuente_Marcos2017" class="citation journal cs1">de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (21 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstx197">"Asteroid 2014 YX49: a large transient Trojan of Uranus"</a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 467 (2): 1561–1568. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.05541">1701.05541</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MNRAS.467.1561D">2017MNRAS.467.1561D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstx197">10.1093/mnras/stx197</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CeresVestatrojans-187"><a href="#cite_ref-CeresVestatrojans_187-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChristouWiegert2012" class="citation journal cs1">Christou, Apostolos A.; Wiegert, Paul (January 2012). "A population of main belt asteroids co-orbiting with Ceres and Vesta". Icarus. 217 (1): 27–42. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1110.4810">1110.4810</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Icar..217...27C">2012Icar..217...27C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2011.10.016">10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.016</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59474402">59474402</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Yoshida2005-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Yoshida2005_188-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYoshidaNakamura2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshida, Fumi; Nakamura, Tsuko (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F497571">"Size distribution of faint L4 Trojan asteroids"</a>. The Astronomical Journal. 130 (6): 2900–11. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....130.2900Y">2005AJ....130.2900Y</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F497571">10.1086/497571</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/NeptuneTrojans.html">"List of Neptune Trojans"</a>. Minor Planet Center. 28 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120525133119/http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/NeptuneTrojans.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podolak_Podolak_et_al._2000_190-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPodolak_Podolak_et_al.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Podolak, M.; Podolak, J. I.; Marley, M. S. (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/998024">"Further investigations of random models of Uranus and Neptune"</a>. Planetary and Space Science. 48 (2–3): 143–151. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000P&SS...48..143P">2000P&SS...48..143P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900088-4">10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00088-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221231229/https://zenodo.org/record/998024">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/planet-types/gas-giant">"Gas Giant | Planet Types"</a>. Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. 22 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128232046/https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/planet-types/gas-giant">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLissauerStevenson2006" class="citation web cs1">Lissauer, Jack J.; Stevenson, David J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326060004/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/djs/lissauer%26stevenson%28PPV%29.pdf">"Formation of Giant Planets"</a> (PDF). NASA Ames Research Center; California Institute of Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/djs/lissauer&stevenson(PPV).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podolak_Weizman_et_al._1995_193-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPodolak_Weizman_et_al.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Podolak, M.; Weizman, A.; Marley, M. (December 1995). "Comparative models of Uranus and Neptune". Planetary and Space Science. 43 (12): 1517–1522. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995P&SS...43.1517P">1995P&SS...43.1517P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900061-5">10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-zeilik-194"><a href="#cite_ref-zeilik_194-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZellik2002" class="citation book cs1">Zellik, Michael (2002). Astronomy: The Evolving Universe (9th ed.). <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 240. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-80090-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223304585">223304585</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, John H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SO48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA293">The giant planet Jupiter</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 293. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0521410083</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420161219/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Giant_Planet_Jupiter/SO48AAAAIAAJ?gbpv=1&pg=PA293">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAndersonJohnson,_T.V.Shubert,_G.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, J.D.; Johnson, T.V.; Shubert, G.; et al. (2005). "Amalthea's Density Is Less Than That of Water". Science. 308 (5726): 1291–1293. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1291A">2005Sci...308.1291A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1110422">10.1126/science.1110422</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15919987">15919987</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:924257">924257</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBurns,_J._A.Showalter,_M._R.Hamilton,_D._P.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, J. A.; Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P.; et al. (1999). "The Formation of Jupiter's Faint Rings". Science. 284 (5417): 1146–1150. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...284.1146B">1999Sci...284.1146B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5417.1146">10.1126/science.284.5417.1146</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10325220">10325220</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21272762">21272762</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPappalardo1999" class="citation web cs1">Pappalardo, R. T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165551/http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22">"Geology of the Icy Galilean Satellites: A Framework for Compositional Studies"</a>. Brown University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-list-199"><a href="#cite_ref-list_199-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSheppard,_Scott_S.Jewitt,_David_C.Porco,_Carolyn2004" class="citation book cs1">Sheppard, Scott S.; Jewitt, David C.; Porco, Carolyn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326065151/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/papers/JUPITER/JSP.2003.pdf">"Jupiter's outer satellites and Trojans"</a> (PDF). In Fran Bagenal; Timothy E. Dowling; William B. McKinnon (eds.). Jupiter. The planet, satellites and magnetosphere. Vol. 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 263–280. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-81808-7</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/papers/JUPITER/JSP.2003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/in-depth">"In Depth: Saturn"</a>. NASA Science: Solar System Exploration. 18 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224210031/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/in-depth">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sremcevic2007-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Sremcevic2007_201-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSremčevićSchmidtSaloSeiß2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sremčević, Miodrag; Schmidt, Jürgen; Salo, Heikki; Seiß, Martin; Spahn, Frank; Albers, Nicole (2007). "A belt of moonlets in Saturn's A ring". <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 449 (7165): 1019–21. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449.1019S">2007Natur.449.1019S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06224">10.1038/nature06224</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17960236">17960236</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4330204">4330204</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Porco2005-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Porco2005_202-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPorcoBakerBarbara2005" class="citation journal cs1">Porco, C. C.; Baker, E.; Barbara, J.; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciclops.org/sci/docs/RingsSatsPaper.pdf">"Cassini Imaging Science: Initial Results on Saturn's Rings and Small Satellites"</a> (PDF). Science. 307 (5713): 1234. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307.1226P">2005Sci...307.1226P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1108056">10.1126/science.1108056</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15731439">15731439</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1058405">1058405</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725171940/http://ciclops.org/sci/docs/RingsSatsPaper.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_203-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Matt (7 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2015-08-moons-saturn.html">"The moons of Saturn"</a>. phys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421075712/https://phys.org/news/2015-08-moons-saturn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Calypso-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Calypso_204-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/saturn/moons/calypso/">"Calypso"</a>. NASA. January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240517022857/https://science.nasa.gov/saturn/moons/calypso/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Polydeuces-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Polydeuces_205-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/saturn/moons/polydeuces/">"Polydeuces"</a>. NASA. January 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Forget2017-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forget2017_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forget2017_206-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFForgetBertrandVangvichithLeconte2017" class="citation journal cs1">Forget, F.; Bertrand, T.; Vangvichith, M.; Leconte, J.; Millour, E.; Lellouch, E. (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01427123/file/Forget_A_post-New_Horizons.pdf">"A post-New Horizons Global climate model of Pluto including the N 2, CH 4 and CO cycles"</a> (PDF). Icarus. 287: 54–71. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..287...54F">2017Icar..287...54F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.11.038">10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.038</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jewitt2007-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewitt2007_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewitt2007_207-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFJewittHaghighipour,_Nader2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jewitt, David; Haghighipour, Nader (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2007/JH07.pdf">"Irregular Satellites of the Planets: Products of Capture in the Early Solar System"</a> (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 45 (1): 261–95. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0703059">astro-ph/0703059</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ARA&A..45..261J">2007ARA&A..45..261J</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.astro.44.051905.092459">10.1146/annurev.astro.44.051905.092459</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13282788">13282788</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225204338/http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2007/JH07.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDevitt2008" class="citation web cs1">Devitt, Terry (14 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wisc.edu/new-images-yield-clues-to-seasons-of-uranus/">"New images yield clues to seasons of Uranus"</a>. University of Wisconsin–Madison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406210615/https://news.wisc.edu/new-images-yield-clues-to-seasons-of-uranus/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Esposito2002-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Esposito2002_209-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEsposito2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Larry_W._Esposito" title="Larry W. Esposito">Esposito, L. W.</a> (2002). "Planetary rings". Reports on Progress in Physics. 65 (12): 1741–1783. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RPPh...65.1741E">2002RPPh...65.1741E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F65%2F12%2F201">10.1088/0034-4885/65/12/201</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250909885">250909885</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Duncan_Lissauer_1997-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_Lissauer_1997_210-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDuncanLissauer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Duncan, Martin J.; Lissauer, Jack J. (1997). "Orbital Stability of the Uranian Satellite System". Icarus. 125 (1): 1–12. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..125....1D">1997Icar..125....1D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1996.5568">10.1006/icar.1996.5568</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSheppardJewittKleyna2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sheppard, S. S.; Jewitt, D.; Kleyna, J. (2005). "An Ultradeep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus: Limits to Completeness". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 518. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0410059">astro-ph/0410059</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....129..518S">2005AJ....129..518S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F426329">10.1086/426329</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18688556">18688556</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006_212-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHussmann_Sohl_et_al.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hussmann, Hauke; Sohl, Frank; Spohn, Tilman (November 2006). "Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-neptunian objects". <a href="Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a>. 185 (1): 258–273. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..185..258H">2006Icar..185..258H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.06.005">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.005</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sheppardmoons2024-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Sheppardmoons2024_213-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/carnegiescience.edu/sheppard/home/newuranusneptunemoons">"New Uranus and Neptune Moons"</a>. Earth & Planetary Laboratory. Carnegie Institution for Science. 23 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223160326/https://sites.google.com/carnegiescience.edu/sheppard/home/newuranusneptunemoons">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Soderblom2-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Soderblom2_214-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSoderblomKiefferBeckerBrown1990" class="citation journal cs1">Soderblom, L. A.; Kieffer, S. W.; Becker, T. L.; Brown, R. H.; Cook, A. F. II; Hansen, C. J.; Johnson, T. V.; Kirk, R. L.; <a href="Eugene_Merle_Shoemaker" title="Eugene Merle Shoemaker">Shoemaker, E. M.</a> (19 October 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geology.illinois.edu/~skieffer/papers/Truiton_Science_1990.pdf">"Triton's Geyser-Like Plumes: Discovery and Basic Characterization"</a> (PDF). <a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 250 (4979): 410–415. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Sci...250..410S">1990Sci...250..410S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.250.4979.410">10.1126/science.250.4979.410</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17793016">17793016</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1948948">1948948</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831121844/https://geology.illinois.edu/~skieffer/papers/Truiton_Science_1990.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVanouplines1995" class="citation web cs1">Vanouplines, Patrick (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502122306/http://www.vub.ac.be/STER/www.astro/chibio.htm">"Chiron biography"</a>. Vrije Universitiet Brussel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vub.ac.be/STER/www.astro/chibio.htm">the original</a> on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-spitzer-216"><a href="#cite_ref-spitzer_216-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStansberryGrundyBrownCruikshank2007" class="citation conference cs1">Stansberry, John; Grundy, Will; Brown, Mike; Cruikshank, Dale; Spencer, John; Trilling, David; Margot, Jean-Luc (2007). "Physical Properties of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects: Constraints from Spitzer Space Telescope". The Solar System Beyond Neptune. p. 161. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0702538">astro-ph/0702538</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ssbn.book..161S">2008ssbn.book..161S</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Braga-Ribas-2014-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Braga-Ribas-2014_217-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBraga-Ribas2014" class="citation journal cs1">Braga-Ribas, F.; et al. (April 2014). "A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo". <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 508 (7494): 72–75. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.7259">1409.7259</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.508...72B">2014Natur.508...72B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13155">10.1038/nature13155</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24670644">24670644</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4467484">4467484</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStern2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Stern, Alan</a> (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/journey-to-the-solar-systems-third-zone">"Journey to the Solar System's Third Zone"</a>. American Scientist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222414/https://www.americanscientist.org/article/journey-to-the-solar-systems-third-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-physical-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-physical_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-physical_219-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFTegler2007" class="citation book cs1">Tegler, Stephen C. (2007). "Kuiper Belt Objects: Physical Studies". In Lucy-Ann McFadden; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediasola00mcfa_702">Encyclopedia of the Solar System</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediasola00mcfa_702/page/n622">605</a>–620. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0120885893</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Grundy2019-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grundy2019_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grundy2019_220-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrundyNollBuieBenecchi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S.; Buie, M. W.; Benecchi, S. D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H. G. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407045339/http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.G-G.pdf">"The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of Transneptunian Binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ((229762) 2007 UK126)"</a> (PDF). Icarus. 334: 30–38. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Icar..334...30G">2019Icar..334...30G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2018.12.037">10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126574999">126574999</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/2019.G-G.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrown_Van_Dam_et_al.2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Brown, M.E.</a>; Van Dam, M.A.; Bouchez, A.H.; Le Mignant, D.; Campbell, R.D.; Chin, J.C.Y.; Conrad, A.; Hartman, S.K.; Johansson, E.M.; Lafon, R.E.; Rabinowitz, D.L. Rabinowitz; Stomski, P.J. Jr.; Summers, D.M.; Trujillo, C.A.; Wizinowich, P.L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/gab.pdf">"Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects"</a> (PDF). <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 639 (1): L43 – L46. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0510029">astro-ph/0510029</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...639L..43B">2006ApJ...639L..43B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F501524">10.1086/501524</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2578831">2578831</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928185647/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/gab.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-trojan-222"><a href="#cite_ref-trojan_222-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChiangJordanMillisBuie2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chiang, E.I.; Jordan, A.B.; Millis, R.L.; Buie, M.W.; Wasserman, L.H.; Elliot, J.L.; Kern, S.D.; Trilling, D.E.; Meech, K.J.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/biblio/pub047.pdf">"Resonance Occupation in the Kuiper Belt: Case Examples of the 5:2 and Trojan Resonances"</a> (PDF). <a href="The_Astronomical_Journal" title="The Astronomical Journal">The Astronomical Journal</a>. 126 (1): 430–443. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0301458">astro-ph/0301458</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....126..430C">2003AJ....126..430C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F375207">10.1086/375207</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54079935">54079935</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315175243/http://www.boulder.swri.edu//~buie/biblio/pub047.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBuieMillisWassermanElliot2005" class="citation journal cs1">Buie, M. W.; Millis, R. L.; Wasserman, L. H.; Elliot, J. L.; Kern, S. D.; Clancy, K. B.; Chiang, E. I.; Jordan, A. B.; Meech, K. J.; Wagner, R. M.; Trilling, D. E. (2005). "Procedures, Resources and Selected Results of the Deep Ecliptic Survey". <a href="Earth%2C_Moon%2C_and_Planets" title="Earth, Moon, and Planets">Earth, Moon, and Planets</a>. 92 (1): 113–124. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0309251">astro-ph/0309251</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EM&P...92..113B">2003EM&P...92..113B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AMOON.0000031930.13823.be">10.1023/B:MOON.0000031930.13823.be</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14820512">14820512</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDottoBarucciFulchignoni2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dotto, E.; Barucci, M. A.; Fulchignoni, M. (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sait.oat.ts.astro.it/MSAIS/3/PDF/20.pdf">"Beyond Neptune, the new frontier of the Solar System"</a> (PDF). Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana Supplementi. 3: 20. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MSAIS...3...20D">2003MSAIS...3...20D</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-8720">0037-8720</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825122005/http://sait.oat.ts.astro.it/MSAIS/3/PDF/20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JWST-225"><a href="#cite_ref-JWST_225-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEmeryWongBrunettoCook2024" class="citation journal cs1">Emery, J. P.; Wong, I.; Brunetto, R.; Cook, J. C.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Stansberry, J. A.; Holler, B. J.; Grundy, W. M.; Protopapa, S.; Souza-Feliciano, A. C.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Lunine, J. I.; Hines, D. C. (2024). "A Tale of 3 Dwarf Planets: Ices and Organics on Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar from JWST Spectroscopy". Icarus. 414 116017. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15230">2309.15230</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Icar..41416017E">2024Icar..41416017E</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2024.116017">10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116017</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tancredi2008-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Tancredi2008_226-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTancrediFavre2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tancredi, G.; Favre, S. A. (2008). "Which are the dwarfs in the Solar System?". Icarus. 195 (2): 851–862. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Icar..195..851T">2008Icar..195..851T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.12.020">10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.020</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fajans_et_al_2001-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Fajans_et_al_2001_227-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFajansFrièdland2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fajans, J.; Frièdland, L. (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607210435/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~fajans/pub/pdffiles/AutoPendAJP.pdf">"Autoresonant (nonstationary) excitation of pendulums, Plutinos, plasmas, and other nonlinear oscillators"</a> (PDF). <a href="American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a>. 69 (10): 1096–1102. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AmJPh..69.1096F">2001AmJPh..69.1096F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1389278">10.1119/1.1389278</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~fajans/pub/pdffiles/AutoPendAJP.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/in-depth">"In Depth: Pluto"</a>. NASA Science: Solar System Exploration. 6 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331112026/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/in-depth">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-brownlargest-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brownlargest_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brownlargest_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brownlargest_229-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Mike_Brown_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Brown (astronomer)">Brown, Mike</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/kbochap.pdf">"The largest Kuiper belt objects"</a> (PDF). In Barucci, M. Antonietta (ed.). The Solar System Beyond Neptune. University of Arizona Press. pp. 335–344. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-816-52755-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1063456240">1063456240</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113114533/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/papers/ps/kbochap.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MPC2004-D15-230"><a href="#cite_ref-MPC2004-D15_230-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K04/K04D15.html">"MPEC 2004-D15 : 2004 DW"</a>. Minor Planet Center. 20 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232947/http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K04/K04D15.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MBP-231"><a href="#cite_ref-MBP_231-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichael_E._Brown2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Michael E. Brown</a> (23 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2009/03/s1-90482-2005-needs-your-help.html">"S/2005 (90482) 1 needs your help"</a>. Mike Brown's Planets (blog). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328012339/http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2009/03/s1-90482-2005-needs-your-help.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMoltenbrey2016" class="citation book cs1">Moltenbrey, Michael (2016). Dawn of Small Worlds: Dwarf planets, asteroids, comets. Cham: Springer. p. 171. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-319-23003-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/926914921">926914921</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-IAUC8812-233"><a href="#cite_ref-IAUC8812_233-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreen2007" class="citation web cs1">Green, Daniel W. E. (22 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08812.html">"IAUC 8812: Sats OF 2003 AZ_84, (50000), (55637), (90482)"</a>. International Astronomical Union Circular. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314060043/http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08800/08812.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0807">"IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea"</a>. International Astronomical Union. 17 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425065601/http://iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0807">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Noviello2022-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Noviello2022_235-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNovielloDeschNeveuProudfoot2022" class="citation journal cs1">Noviello, Jessica L.; Desch, Stephen J.; Neveu, Marc; Proudfoot, Benjamin C. N.; Sonnett, Sarah (September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fac8e03">"Let It Go: Geophysically Driven Ejection of the Haumea Family Members"</a>. The Planetary Science Journal. 3 (9): 19. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PSJ.....3..225N">2022PSJ.....3..225N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fac8e03">10.3847/PSJ/ac8e03</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252620869">252620869</a>. 225.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0806">"Fourth dwarf planet named Makemake"</a>. International Astronomical Union. 19 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730222925/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0806">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Buie136472-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Buie136472_237-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBuie2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Marc_W._Buie" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc W. Buie">Buie, Marc W.</a> (5 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/136472.html">"Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 136472"</a>. SwRI (Space Science Department). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527191044/https://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/astrom/136472.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ParkerA2016-238"><a href="#cite_ref-ParkerA2016_238-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFParkerBuieGrundyNoll2016" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, A. H.; Buie, M. W.; Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S. (25 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F825%2F1%2FL9">"Discovery of a Makemakean Moon"</a>. <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 825 (1): L9. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.07461">1604.07461</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJ...825L...9P">2016ApJ...825L...9P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F825%2F1%2FL9">10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L9</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119270442">119270442</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Morgado2023-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Morgado2023_239-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFB._E._MorgadoB._SicardyF._Braga-RibasJ._L._Ortiz2023" class="citation journal cs1">B. E. Morgado; et al. (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.nature.com/3jNwdgQ">"A dense ring of the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar outside its Roche limit"</a>. <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 614 (7947): 239–243. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.614..239M">2023Natur.614..239M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FS41586-022-05629-6">10.1038/S41586-022-05629-6</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36755175">36755175</a>. <a href="WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116754015" class="extiw external" title="d:Q116754015">Q116754015</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGomesFernándezGallardoBrunini2008" class="citation book cs1">Gomes, R. S.; Fernández, J. A.; Gallardo, T.; Brunini, A. (2008). "The Scattered Disk: Origins, Dynamics, and End States". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/ssbn2008/7003.pdf">The Solar System Beyond Neptune</a> (PDF). University of Arizona Press. pp. 259–273. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0816527557</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121172507/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/books/ssbn2008/7003.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJewitt2005" class="citation web cs1">Jewitt, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/big_kbo.html">"The 1,000 km Scale KBOs"</a>. University of Hawaii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140609134900/http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/big_kbo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/Centaurs.html">"List of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects"</a>. IAU: Minor Planet Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629210646/http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/Centaurs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Brown_Schaller_2007-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Schaller_2007_243-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrownSchaller2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Brown, Michael E.</a>; Schaller, Emily L. (15 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121001-135149660">"The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris"</a>. Science. 316 (5831): 1585. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...316.1585B">2007Sci...316.1585B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1139415">10.1126/science.1139415</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17569855">17569855</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21468196">21468196</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDumasMerlinBaruccide_Bergh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dumas, C.; Merlin, F.; Barucci, M. A.; de Bergh, C.; Hainault, O.; Guilbert, A.; Vernazza, P.; Doressoundiram, A. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20066665">"Surface composition of the largest dwarf planet 136199 Eris (2003 UB{313})"</a>. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 471 (1): 331–334. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...471..331D">2007A&A...471..331D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20066665">10.1051/0004-6361:20066665</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kissetal2017-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Kissetal2017_246-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKissMartonFarkas-TakácsStansberry2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kiss, Csaba; Marton, Gábor; Farkas-Takács, Anikó; Stansberry, John; Müller, Thomas; Vinkó, József; Balog, Zoltán; Ortiz, Jose-Luis; Pál, András (16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Faa6484">"Discovery of a Satellite of the Large Trans-Neptunian Object (225088) 2007 OR10"</a>. <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>. 838 (1): 5. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.01407">1703.01407</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...838L...1K">2017ApJ...838L...1K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Faa6484">10.3847/2041-8213/aa6484</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46766640">46766640</a>. L1.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sheppard-2018-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheppard-2018_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheppard-2018_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheppard-2018_247-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheppard-2018_247-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFSheppardTrujilloTholenKaib2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sheppard, Scott S.; Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Tholen, David J.; Kaib, Nathan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab0895">"A New High Perihelion Trans-Plutonian Inner Oort Cloud Object: 2015 TG387"</a>. The Astronomical Journal. 157 (4): 139. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.00013">1810.00013</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AJ....157..139S">2019AJ....157..139S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab0895">10.3847/1538-3881/ab0895</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119071596">119071596</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Caju_outlier-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Caju_outlier_248-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFde_la_Fuente_Marcosde_la_Fuente_Marcos2018" class="citation journal cs1">de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (12 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2515-5172%2Faadfec">"A Fruit of a Different Kind: 2015 BP519 as an Outlier among the Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects"</a>. <a href="Research_Notes_of_the_AAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Notes of the AAS">Research Notes of the AAS</a>. 2 (3): 167. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.02571">1809.02571</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RNAAS...2..167D">2018RNAAS...2..167D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2515-5172%2Faadfec">10.3847/2515-5172/aadfec</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119433944">119433944</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJewitt2004" class="citation web cs1">Jewitt, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/sedna.html">"Sedna – 2003 VB12"</a>. University of Hawaii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716032018/http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/sedna.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-fahr-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fahr_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fahr_251-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fahr_251-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFFahrKauschScherer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fahr, H. J.; Kausch, T.; Scherer, H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808135422/http://aa.springer.de/papers/0357001/2300268.pdf">"A 5-fluid hydrodynamic approach to model the Solar System-interstellar medium interaction"</a> (PDF). <a href="Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics">Astronomy & Astrophysics</a>. 357: 268. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A&A...357..268F">2000A&A...357..268F</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.springer.de/papers/0357001/2300268.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2008.</cite> See Figures 1 and 2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHatfield2021" class="citation web cs1">Hatfield, Miles (3 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/the-heliopedia">"The Heliopedia"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325142928/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/the-heliopedia">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-n092-253"><a href="#cite_ref-n092_253-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrandtProvornikovaBaleCocoros2023" class="citation journal cs1">Brandt, P. C.; Provornikova, E.; Bale, S. D.; Cocoros, A.; DeMajistre, R.; Dialynas, K.; Elliott, H. A.; Eriksson, S.; Fields, B.; Galli, A.; Hill, M. E.; Horanyi, M.; Horbury, T.; Hunziker, S.; Kollmann, P.; Kinnison, J.; Fountain, G.; Krimigis, S. M.; Kurth, W. S.; Linsky, J.; Lisse, C. M.; Mandt, K. E.; Magnes, W.; McNutt, R. L.; Miller, J.; Moebius, E.; Mostafavi, P.; Opher, M.; Paxton, L.; Plaschke, F.; Poppe, A. R.; Roelof, E. C.; Runyon, K.; Redfield, S.; Schwadron, N.; Sterken, V.; Swaczyna, P.; Szalay, J.; Turner, D.; Vannier, H.; Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.; Wurz, P.; Zirnstein, E. J. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9974711">"Future Exploration of the Outer Heliosphere and Very Local Interstellar Medium by Interstellar Probe"</a>. Space Science Reviews. 219 (2): 18. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023SSRv..219...18B">2023SSRv..219...18B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-022-00943-x">10.1007/s11214-022-00943-x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-6308">0038-6308</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9974711">9974711</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36874191">36874191</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBaranovMalama1993" class="citation journal cs1">Baranov, V. B.; Malama, Yu. G. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/93JA01171">"Model of the solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium: Numerical solution of self-consistent problem"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research. 98 (A9): 15157. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JGR....9815157B">1993JGR....9815157B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F93JA01171">10.1029/93JA01171</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-0227">0148-0227</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420161220/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1029%2F93JA01171">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinis-big-sky-the-view-from-the-center-of-our-solar-system">"Cassini's Big Sky: The View from the Center of Our Solar System"</a>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 19 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409213721/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinis-big-sky-the-view-from-the-center-of-our-solar-system">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKornbleuthOpherBaliukinGkioulidou2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kornbleuth, M.; Opher, M.; Baliukin, I.; Gkioulidou, M.; Richardson, J. D.; Zank, G. P.; Michael, A. T.; Tóth, G.; Tenishev, V.; Izmodenov, V.; Alexashov, D. (1 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac2fa6">"The Development of a Split-tail Heliosphere and the Role of Non-ideal Processes: A Comparison of the BU and Moscow Models"</a>. <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 923 (2): 179. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.13962">2110.13962</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...923..179K">2021ApJ...923..179K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac2fa6">10.3847/1538-4357/ac2fa6</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239998560">239998560</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReisenfeldBzowskiFunstenHeerikhuisen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Reisenfeld, Daniel B.; Bzowski, Maciej; Funsten, Herbert O.; Heerikhuisen, Jacob; Janzen, Paul H.; Kubiak, Marzena A.; McComas, David J.; Schwadron, Nathan A.; Sokół, Justyna M.; Zimorino, Alex; Zirnstein, Eric J. (1 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fabf658">"A Three-dimensional Map of the Heliosphere from IBEX"</a>. <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal_Supplement_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series">The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</a>. 254 (2): 40. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJS..254...40R">2021ApJS..254...40R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4365%2Fabf658">10.3847/1538-4365/abf658</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0067-0049">0067-0049</a>. <a href="OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1890983">1890983</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235400678">235400678</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNemiroffBonnell2002" class="citation web cs1">Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (24 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap020624.html">"The Sun's Heliosphere & Heliopause"</a>. <a href="Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a>. <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/in-depth">"In Depth: Comets"</a>. NASA Science: Solar System Exploration. 19 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331200633/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/in-depth">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSekanina2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sekanina, Zdeněk (2001). "Kreutz sungrazers: the ultimate case of cometary fragmentation and disintegration?". Publications of the Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. 89: 78–93. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PAICz..89...78S">2001PAICz..89...78S</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-hyperbolic-261"><a href="#cite_ref-hyperbolic_261-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrólikowska2001" class="citation journal cs1">Królikowska, M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20010945">"A study of the original orbits of hyperbolic comets"</a>. <a href="Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics">Astronomy & Astrophysics</a>. 376 (1): 316–324. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&A...376..316K">2001A&A...376..316K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20010945">10.1051/0004-6361:20010945</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWhipple1992" class="citation journal cs1">Whipple, Fred L. (1992). "The activities of comets related to their aging and origin". <a href="Celestial_Mechanics_and_Dynamical_Astronomy" title="Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy">Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy</a>. 54 (1–3): 1–11. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992CeMDA..54....1W">1992CeMDA..54....1W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00049540">10.1007/BF00049540</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189827311">189827311</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRubinGrossman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Alan E.; Grossman, Jeffrey N. (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01009.x">"Meteorite and meteoroid: new comprehensive definitions"</a>. Meteoritics and Planetary Science. 45 (1): 114. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010M&PS...45..114R">2010M&PS...45..114R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2009.01009.x">10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01009.x</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129972426">129972426</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325111938/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01009.x">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/commissions/f1/meteordefinitions_approved.pdf">"Definition of terms in meteor astronomy"</a> (PDF). International Astronomical Union. IAU Commission F1. 30 April 2017. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222205136/https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/commissions/f1/meteordefinitions_approved.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007141358/https://education.nationalgeographic.co.uk/encyclopedia/meteoroid/">"Meteoroid"</a>. National Geographic. 28 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.nationalgeographic.co.uk/encyclopedia/meteoroid/">the original</a> on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Iwan P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eqd4e34uE-MC&pg=PA13">"The Evolution of Meteoroid Streams"</a>. In Murad, Edmond; Williams, Iwan P. (eds.). Meteors in the Earth's Atmosphere: Meteoroids and Cosmic Dust and Their Interactions with the Earth's Upper Atmosphere. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–32. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521804318</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJorgensenBennConnerneyDenver2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jorgensen, J. L.; Benn, M.; Connerney, J. E. P.; Denver, T.; Jorgensen, P. S.; Andersen, A. C.; Bolton, S. J. (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JE006509">"Distribution of Interplanetary Dust Detected by the Juno Spacecraft and Its Contribution to the Zodiacal Light"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 126 (3). <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JGRE..12606509J">2021JGRE..12606509J</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2020JE006509">10.1029/2020JE006509</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-9097">2169-9097</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228840132">228840132</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=29471">"ESA scientist discovers a way to shortlist stars that might have planets"</a>. ESA Science and Technology. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502033116/http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=29471">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLandgrafLiouZookGrün2002" class="citation journal cs1">Landgraf, M.; Liou, J.-C.; Zook, H. A.; Grün, E. (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astron.berkeley.edu/~kalas/disksite/library/ladgraf02.pdf">"Origins of Solar System Dust beyond Jupiter"</a> (PDF). <a href="The_Astronomical_Journal" title="The Astronomical Journal">The Astronomical Journal</a>. 123 (5): 2857–2861. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0201291">astro-ph/0201291</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AJ....123.2857L">2002AJ....123.2857L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F339704">10.1086/339704</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38710056">38710056</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515115002/http://astron.berkeley.edu/~kalas/disksite/library/ladgraf02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBernardinelliBernsteinMontetWeryk2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bernardinelli, Pedro H.; Bernstein, Gary M.; Montet, Benjamin T.; et al. (1 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac32d3">"C/2014 UN 271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein): The Nearly Spherical Cow of Comets"</a>. <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>. 921 (2): L37. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.09852">2109.09852</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...921L..37B">2021ApJ...921L..37B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac32d3">10.3847/2041-8213/ac32d3</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237581632">237581632</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLoeffler2021" class="citation web cs1">Loeffler, John (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/our-solar-system-may-have-a-hidden-planet-beyond-neptune-no-not-that-one/ar-AAP3b0l?ocid=msedgntp">"Our solar system may have a hidden planet beyond Neptune – no, not that one"</a>. MSN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001203656/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/our-solar-system-may-have-a-hidden-planet-beyond-neptune-no-not-that-one/ar-AAP3b0l?ocid=msedgntp">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:5-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_272-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSternWeissman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Stern SA, Weissman PR (2001). "Rapid collisional evolution of comets during the formation of the Oort cloud". Nature. 409 (6820): 589–591. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..589S">2001Natur.409..589S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35054508">10.1038/35054508</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11214311">11214311</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205013399">205013399</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:6-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_273-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFArnett2006" class="citation web cs1">Arnett, Bill (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineplanets.org/kboc.html">"The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud"</a>. Nine Planets. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807064224/http://nineplanets.org/kboc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2006.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/overview">"Oort Cloud"</a>. NASA Solar System Exploration. 20 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630162050/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/oort-cloud/overview/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-P9H2019-275"><a href="#cite_ref-P9H2019_275-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBatyginAdamsBrownBecker2019" class="citation journal cs1">Batygin, Konstantin; Adams, Fred C.; Brown, Michael E.; Becker, Juliette C. (2019). "The Planet Nine Hypothesis". <a href="Physics_Reports" title="Physics Reports">Physics Reports</a>. 805: 1–53. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10103">1902.10103</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PhR...805....1B">2019PhR...805....1B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physrep.2019.01.009">10.1016/j.physrep.2019.01.009</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119248548">119248548</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sheppard2014-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Sheppard2014_276-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTrujilloSheppard2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Chad_Trujillo" title="Chad Trujillo">Trujillo, Chadwick A.</a>; <a href="Scott_S._Sheppard" title="Scott S. Sheppard">Sheppard, Scott S.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216183818/http://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/pub/TrujilloSheppard2014.pdf">"A Sedna-like Body with a Perihelion of 80 Astronomical Units"</a> (PDF). <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 507 (7493): 471–474. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.507..471T">2014Natur.507..471T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13156">10.1038/nature13156</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24670765">24670765</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4393431">4393431</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/pub/TrujilloSheppard2014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nodes-2021-277"><a href="#cite_ref-nodes-2021_277-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFde_la_Fuente_Marcosde_la_Fuente_Marcos2021" class="citation journal cs1">de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/506/1/633/6307523">"Peculiar orbits and asymmetries in extreme trans-Neptunian space"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 506 (1): 633–649. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.08369">2106.08369</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MNRAS.506..633D">2021MNRAS.506..633D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstab1756">10.1093/mnras/stab1756</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019195919/https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/506/1/633/6307523">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nodes-2022-278"><a href="#cite_ref-nodes-2022_278-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFde_la_Fuente_Marcosde_la_Fuente_Marcos2022" class="citation journal cs1">de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (1 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article-abstract/512/1/L6/6524836">"Twisted extreme trans-Neptunian orbital parameter space: statistically significant asymmetries confirmed"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters</a>. 512 (1): L6 – L10. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.01693">2202.01693</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.512L...6D">2022MNRAS.512L...6D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnrasl%2Fslac012">10.1093/mnrasl/slac012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409170426/https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article-abstract/512/1/L6/6524836">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNapier2021" class="citation journal cs1">Napier, K. J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fabe53e">"No Evidence for Orbital Clustering in the Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects"</a>. The Planetary Science Journal. 2 (2): 59. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.05601">2102.05601</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PSJ.....2...59N">2021PSJ.....2...59N</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fabe53e">10.3847/PSJ/abe53e</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPfalznerGovindZwart2024" class="citation journal cs1">Pfalzner, Susanne; Govind, Amith; Zwart, Simon Portegies (September 2024). "Trajectory of the stellar flyby that shaped the outer Solar System". Nature Astronomy. 8 (11): 1380–1386. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.03342">2409.03342</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatAs...8.1380P">2024NatAs...8.1380P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-024-02349-x">10.1038/s41550-024-02349-x</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Encrenaz_et_al_2004-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Encrenaz_et_al_2004_281-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEncrenazBibringBlancBarucci2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Encrenaz" title="Thérèse Encrenaz">Encrenaz, T.</a>; Bibring, J. P.; Blanc, M.; Barucci, M. A.; Roques, F.; Zarka, P. H. (2004). The Solar System (3rd ed.). Springer. p. 1.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTorresCaiBrownPortegies_Zwart2019" class="citation journal cs1">Torres, S.; Cai, M. X.; Brown, A. G. A.; Portegies Zwart, S. (September 2019). "Galactic tide and local stellar perturbations on the Oort cloud: creation of interstellar comets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 629: 13. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.10617">1906.10617</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019A&A...629A.139T">2019A&A...629A.139T</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201935330">10.1051/0004-6361/201935330</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195584070">195584070</a>. A139.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNorman2020" class="citation web cs1">Norman, Neil (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/greatest-comets-of-recent-times">"10 great comets of recent times"</a>. <a href="BBC_Sky_at_Night" title="BBC Sky at Night">BBC Sky at Night Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125042109/https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/greatest-comets-of-recent-times">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Littmann-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Littmann_284-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLittmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Littmann, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planetsbeyonddis00mlit">Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System</a>. Courier Dover Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planetsbeyonddis00mlit/page/n92">162</a>–163. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-43602-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSwaczynaSchwadronMöbiusBzowski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Swaczyna, Paweł; Schwadron, Nathan A.; Möbius, Eberhard; Bzowski, Maciej; Frisch, Priscilla C.; Linsky, Jeffrey L.; McComas, David J.; Rahmanifard, Fatemeh; Redfield, Seth; Winslow, Réka M.; Wood, Brian E.; Zank, Gary P. (1 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac9120">"Mixing Interstellar Clouds Surrounding the Sun"</a>. <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>. 937 (2): L32:1–2. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.09927">2209.09927</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ApJ...937L..32S">2022ApJ...937L..32S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fac9120">10.3847/2041-8213/ac9120</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLinskyRedfieldTilipman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Linsky, Jeffrey L.; Redfield, Seth; Tilipman, Dennis (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab498a">"The Interface between the Outer Heliosphere and the Inner Local ISM: Morphology of the Local Interstellar Cloud, Its Hydrogen Hole, Strömgren Shells, and 60Fe Accretion"</a>. <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 886 (1): 19. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01243">1910.01243</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJ...886...41L">2019ApJ...886...41L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab498a">10.3847/1538-4357/ab498a</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203642080">203642080</a>. 41.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-proxima_b_discovery_paper-287"><a href="#cite_ref-proxima_b_discovery_paper_287-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnglada-EscudéAmadoBarnesBerdiñas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Amado, Pedro J.; Barnes, John; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature19106">"A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri"</a>. <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 536 (7617): 437–440. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.03449">1609.03449</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.536..437A">2016Natur.536..437A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature19106">10.1038/nature19106</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27558064">27558064</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4451513">4451513</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_288-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLinskyRedfieldTilipman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Linsky, Jeffrey L.; Redfield, Seth; Tilipman, Dennis (20 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab498a">"The Interface between the Outer Heliosphere and the Inner Local ISM: Morphology of the Local Interstellar Cloud, Its Hydrogen Hole, Strömgren Shells, and 60 Fe Accretion*"</a>. <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 886 (1): 41. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01243">1910.01243</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJ...886...41L">2019ApJ...886...41L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab498a">10.3847/1538-4357/ab498a</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203642080">203642080</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZuckerGoodmanAlvesBialy2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zucker, Catherine; <a href="Alyssa_A._Goodman" title="Alyssa A. Goodman">Goodman, Alyssa A.</a>; Alves, João; et al. (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04286-5">"Star formation near the Sun is driven by expansion of the Local Bubble"</a>. <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 601 (7893): 334–337. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.05124">2201.05124</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..334Z">2022Natur.601..334Z</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04286-5">10.1038/s41586-021-04286-5</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35022612">35022612</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245906333">245906333</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Alves_Zucker_Goodman_Speagle_2020-290"><a href="#cite_ref-Alves_Zucker_Goodman_Speagle_2020_290-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlvesZuckerGoodmanSpeagle2020" class="citation journal cs1">Alves, João; Zucker, Catherine; Goodman, Alyssa A.; Speagle, Joshua S.; Meingast, Stefan; Robitaille, Thomas; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Schlafly, Edward F.; Green, Gregory M. (23 January 2020). "A Galactic-scale gas wave in the Solar Neighborhood". <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 578 (7794): 237–239. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08748v1">2001.08748v1</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.578..237A">2020Natur.578..237A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1874-z">10.1038/s41586-019-1874-z</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31910431">31910431</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210086520">210086520</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcKeeParravanoHollenbach2015" class="citation journal cs1">McKee, Christopher F.; Parravano, Antonio; Hollenbach, David J. (November 2015). "Stars, Gas, and Dark Matter in the Solar Neighborhood". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 814 (1): 24. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.05334">1509.05334</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...814...13M">2015ApJ...814...13M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F814%2F1%2F13">10.1088/0004-637X/814/1/13</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54224451">54224451</a>. 13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlvesZuckerGoodmanSpeagle2020" class="citation journal cs1">Alves, João; Zucker, Catherine; <a href="Alyssa_A._Goodman" title="Alyssa A. Goodman">Goodman, Alyssa A.</a>; et al. (2020). "A Galactic-scale gas wave in the solar neighborhood". <a href="Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 578 (7794): 237–239. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08748">2001.08748</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.578..237A">2020Natur.578..237A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1874-z">10.1038/s41586-019-1874-z</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31910431">31910431</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210086520">210086520</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMamajekBarenfeldIvanovKniazev2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mamajek, Eric E.; Barenfeld, Scott A.; Ivanov, Valentin D.; Kniazev, Alexei Y.; Väisänen, Petri; Beletsky, Yuri; Boffin, Henri M. J. (February 2015). "The Closest Known Flyby of a Star to the Solar System". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>. 800 (1): 4. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.04655">1502.04655</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...800L..17M">2015ApJ...800L..17M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F800%2F1%2FL17">10.1088/2041-8205/800/1/L17</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40618530">40618530</a>. L17.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Raymond_et_al_2024-294"><a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_et_al_2024_294-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRaymondKaibSelsisBouy2024" class="citation journal cs1">Raymond, Sean N.; et al. (January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad3604">"Future trajectories of the Solar System: dynamical simulations of stellar encounters within 100 au"</a>. <a href="Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 527 (3): 6126–6138. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12171">2311.12171</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024MNRAS.527.6126R">2024MNRAS.527.6126R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad3604">10.1093/mnras/stad3604</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lang2013-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2013_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang2013_295-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFLang2013" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Kenneth R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MN-UCkUK9pcC&pg=PA264">The Life and Death of Stars</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 264. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1107016385</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420161220/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Life_and_Death_of_Stars/MN-UCkUK9pcC?gbpv=1&pg=PA264">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDrimmelSpergel2001" class="citation journal cs1">Drimmel, R.; Spergel, D. N. (2001). "Three Dimensional Structure of the Milky Way Disk". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 556 (1): 181–202. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0101259">astro-ph/0101259</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApJ...556..181D">2001ApJ...556..181D</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F321556">10.1086/321556</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15757160">15757160</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGerhard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gerhard, O. (2011). "Pattern speeds in the Milky Way". Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana, Supplementi. 18: 185. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1003.2489">1003.2489</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MSAIS..18..185G">2011MSAIS..18..185G</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKaibQuinn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kaib, Nathan A.; Quinn, Thomas (September 2008). "The formation of the Oort cloud in open cluster environments". Icarus. 197 (1): 221–238. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0707.4515">0707.4515</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Icar..197..221K">2008Icar..197..221K</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2008.03.020">10.1016/j.icarus.2008.03.020</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeong2002" class="citation web cs1">Leong, Stacy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml">"Period of the Sun's Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)"</a>. The Physics Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107010909/https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreiner2004" class="citation book cs1">Greiner, Walter (2004). Classical Mechanics: Point particles and relativity. New York: Springer. p. 323. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-21851-9</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56727455">56727455</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReidBrunthaler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, M. J.; Brunthaler, A. (2004). "The Proper Motion of Sagittarius A*". <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 616 (2): 872–884. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0408107">astro-ph/0408107</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...616..872R">2004ApJ...616..872R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424960">10.1086/424960</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16568545">16568545</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAbuterAmorimBauböckBerger2019" class="citation journal cs1">Abuter, R.; Amorim, A.; Bauböck, M.; Berger, J. P.; Bonnet, H.; Brandner, W.; et al. (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935656">"A geometric distance measurement to the Galactic center black hole with 0.3% uncertainty"</a>. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 625: L10. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.05721">1904.05721</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019A&A...625L..10G">2019A&A...625L..10G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201935656">10.1051/0004-6361/201935656</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119190574">119190574</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420161243/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2019/05/aa35656-19/aa35656-19.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-astrobiology-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astrobiology_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-astrobiology_303-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-astrobiology_303-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFMullen2001" class="citation web cs1">Mullen, Leslie (18 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/galactic-habitable-zones">"Galactic Habitable Zones"</a>. Astrobiology Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807024530/http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/139/galactic-habitable-zones">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBailer-Jones2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bailer-Jones, C. A. L. (1 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJAsB...8..213B">"The evidence for and against astronomical impacts on climate change and mass extinctions: a review"</a>. International Journal of Astrobiology. 8 (3): 213–219. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0905.3919">0905.3919</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJAsB...8..213B">2009IJAsB...8..213B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS147355040999005X">10.1017/S147355040999005X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2028999">2028999</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401231355/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009IJAsB...8..213B">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRacki2012" class="citation journal cs1">Racki, Grzegorz (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20110058.html">"The Alvarez Impact Theory of Mass Extinction; Limits to its Applicability and the "Great Expectations Syndrome""</a>. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (4): 681–702. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2011.0058">10.4202/app.2011.0058</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12128%2F534">20.500.12128/534</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7920">0567-7920</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54021858">54021858</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401214314/https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20110058.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOrrell2012" class="citation book cs1">Orrell, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mNMsa18vTpsC&pg=PA25">Truth Or Beauty: Science and the Quest for Order</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 25–27. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0300186611</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730084322/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Truth_Or_Beauty/mNMsa18vTpsC?gbpv=1&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRufus1923" class="citation magazine cs1">Rufus, W. C. (1923). "The astronomical system of Copernicus". <a href="Popular_Astronomy_(US_magazine)" title="Popular Astronomy (US magazine)">Popular Astronomy</a>. Vol. 31. p. 510. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923PA.....31..510R">1923PA.....31..510R</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWeinert2009" class="citation book cs1">Weinert, Friedel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copernicusdarwin00wein">Copernicus, Darwin, & Freud: revolutions in the history and philosophy of science</a>. <a href="Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/copernicusdarwin00wein/page/n29">21</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4051-8183-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLoLordo2007" class="citation book cs1">LoLordo, Antonia (2007). Pierre Gassendi and the Birth of Early Modern Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 12, 27. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-511-34982-9</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182818133">182818133</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAthreyaGingerich1996" class="citation journal cs1">Athreya, A.; Gingerich, O. (December 1996). "An Analysis of Kepler's Rudolphine Tables and Implications for the Reception of His Physical Astronomy". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 28 (4): 1305. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996AAS...189.2404A">1996AAS...189.2404A</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPasachoff2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pasachoff, Jay M. (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021828615585493">"Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow"</a>. Journal for the History of Astronomy. 46 (2): 218–234. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JHA....46..218P">2015JHA....46..218P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021828615585493">10.1177/0021828615585493</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8286">0021-8286</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120470649">120470649</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127213209/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021828615585493">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_history/Christiaan_Huygens_Discoverer_of_Titan">"Christiaan Huygens: Discoverer of Titan"</a>. ESA Space Science. The European Space Agency. 8 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206001920/http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_history/Christiaan_Huygens_Discoverer_of_Titan">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChapman2005" class="citation conference cs1">Chapman, Allan (April 2005). Kurtz, D. W. (ed.). Jeremiah Horrocks, William Crabtree, and the Lancashire observations of the transit of Venus of 1639. Transits of Venus: New Views of the Solar System and Galaxy, Proceedings of IAU Colloquium #196, held 7–11 June 2004 in Preston, U.K. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. Vol. 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–26. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005tvnv.conf....3C">2005tvnv.conf....3C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921305001225">10.1017/S1743921305001225</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> See, for example:

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/solar">"solar"</a>. <a href="Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318002833/https://www.etymonline.com/word/solar">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-solar_system" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=solar+system">"solar system"</a>. <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLocke1754" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke, John</a> (1754) [1720]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni9bAAAAcAAJ">Elements of Natural Philosophy ... To which are added. Some Thoughts concerning Reading and Study for a Gentleman. By the same author. With prefatory remarks by P. Des Maizeaux</a>. R. Taylor. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318005707/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni9bAAAAcAAJ&newbks=0">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite> Posthumous publication.</li></ul>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFestouKellerWeaver2004" class="citation book cs1">Festou, M. C.; Keller, H. U.; Weaver, H. A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehA8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">"A brief conceptual history of cometary science"</a>. Comets II. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 3–16. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004come.book....3F">2004come.book....3F</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0816524501</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420161222/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Comets_II/ehA8EAAAQBAJ?gbpv=1&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSaganDruyan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a>; <a href="Ann_Druyan" title="Ann Druyan">Druyan, Ann</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhkoowKFaTsC">Comet</a>. New York: Random House. pp. 26–27, 37–38. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-3078-0105-0</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615020250/https://books.google.com/books?id=LhkoowKFaTsC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTeets2003" class="citation journal cs1">Teets, Donald (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/pubs/mm_dec03-Venus.pdf">"Transits of Venus and the Astronomical Unit"</a> (PDF). Mathematics Magazine. 76 (5): 335–348. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0025570X.2003.11953207">10.1080/0025570X.2003.11953207</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3654879">3654879</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54867823">54867823</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203080207/https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/pubs/mm_dec03-Venus.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBourtembourg2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bourtembourg, René (2013). "Was Uranus Observed by Hipparchos?". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 44 (4): 377–387. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JHA....44..377B">2013JHA....44..377B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182861304400401">10.1177/002182861304400401</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122482074">122482074</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDi_Bari2018" class="citation book cs1">Di Bari, Pasquale (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPm7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Cosmology and the Early Universe</a>. CRC Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1351020138</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBhatnagarVyasanakereMurthy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bhatnagar, Siddharth; Vyasanakere, Jayanth P.; Murthy, Jayant (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/10.0003349">"A geometric method to locate Neptune"</a>. American Journal of Physics. 89 (5): 454–458. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.04248">2102.04248</a>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AmJPh..89..454B">2021AmJPh..89..454B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F10.0003349">10.1119/10.0003349</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505">0002-9505</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231846880">231846880</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129125826/https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/10.0003349">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Clemence-321"><a href="#cite_ref-Clemence_321-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFClemence1947" class="citation journal cs1">Clemence, G. M. (1947). "The Relativity Effect in Planetary Motions". Reviews of Modern Physics. 19 (4): 361–364. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947RvMP...19..361C">1947RvMP...19..361C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.19.361">10.1103/RevModPhys.19.361</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s6-02/6-02.htm">(math)</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGarner2018" class="citation web cs1">Garner, Rob (10 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-s-first-stellar-observatory-oao-2-turns-50">"50th Anniversary of OAO 2: NASA's 1st Successful Stellar Observatory"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229231948/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-s-first-stellar-observatory-oao-2-turns-50">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FactSheet-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FactSheet_323-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/factsheet.html">"Fact Sheet"</a>. JPL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129230752/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/factsheet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWoo2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Woo, Marcus (20 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141123021050/https://www.wired.com/2014/11/sounded-like-landed-comet">"This Is What It Sounded Like When We Landed on a Comet"</a>. Wired. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/11/sounded-like-landed-comet">the original</a> on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarks2014" class="citation web cs1">Marks, Paul (3 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26650-hayabusa-2-probe-begins-journey-to-land-on-an-asteroid">"Hayabusa 2 probe begins journey to land on an asteroid"</a>. New Scientist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211062123/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26650-hayabusa-2-probe-begins-journey-to-land-on-an-asteroid">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/14/world/nasa-parker-solar-probe-sun-scn/index.html">"NASA's Parker Solar Probe becomes first spacecraft to 'touch' the sun"</a>. CNN. 14 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214235239/https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/14/world/nasa-parker-solar-probe-sun-scn/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCorumGröndahlParshina-Kottas2015" class="citation news cs1">Corum, Jonathan; Gröndahl, Mika; Parshina-Kottas, Yuliya (13 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/14/science/space/pluto-flyby.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/14/science/space/pluto-flyby.html">"New Horizons' Pluto Flyby"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NASA-20180907-328"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20180907_328-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcCartneyBrownWendel2018" class="citation web cs1">McCartney, Gretchen; Brown, Dwayne; Wendel, JoAnna (7 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7231">"Legacy of NASA's Dawn, Near the End of its Mission"</a>. <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Retrieved 8 September 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:7-329"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_329-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/learn/basics-of-space-flight/primer/">"Basics of Spaceflight: A Gravity Assist Primer"</a>. science.nasa.gov. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/parker-solar-probe-changed-the-game-before-it-even-launched/">"Parker Solar Probe Changed the Game Before it Even Launched – NASA"</a>. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGlenday2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Craig_Glenday" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Glenday">Glenday, Craig</a>, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec00vari/page/13">Guinness World Records 2010</a>. New York: <a href="Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-553-59337-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sn-20230313-332"><a href="#cite_ref-sn-20230313_332-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFoust2023" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/nasa-planning-to-spend-up-to-1-billion-on-space-station-deorbit-module/">"NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module"</a>. <a href="SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT-20220118-333"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20220118_333-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChang2022" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (18 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/science/is-pluto-a-planet.html">"Quiz – Is Pluto A Planet? – Who doesn't love Pluto? It shares a name with the Roman god of the underworld and a Disney dog. But is it a planet? – Interactive"</a>. <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:02-334"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_334-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSpaceflight2019" class="citation web cs1">Spaceflight, Leonard David (9 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/42935-nasa-interstellar-probe-mission-idea.html">"A Wild 'Interstellar Probe' Mission Idea Is Gaining Momentum"</a>. Space.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Solar_System">"Solar System" </a>. <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 157–158.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joshworth.com/a-tediously-accurate-map-of-the-solar-system/">If the Moon were only 1 Pixel: A Tediously Accurate Map of the Solar System (web based scroll map scaled to the Moon being 1 pixel)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eyes.nasa.gov/apps/solar-system">NASA's Eyes on the Solar System</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/">NASA's Solar System Exploration</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.jpl.nasa.gov">NASA's Solar System Simulator</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System1948" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Solar_System1948" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>

<li><a href="Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li>

<li><a href="Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li>

<li><a href="Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li>

<li><a href="Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li>

<li><a href="Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li>

<li><a href="Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,_dwarfs,_minors255" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a>, <a href="Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li>

<li><a href="Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li>

<li><a href="Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li>

<li><a href="Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li>

<li><a href="Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li>

<li><a href="Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Large Minor Planets</a>

<ul><li><a href="120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a></li>

<li><a href="20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">Varuna</a></li>

<li><a href="28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Earth

<ul><li><a href="Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li>

<li><a href="Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li>

<li><a href="Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li>

<li><a href="Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li>

<li><a href="Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a>

<ul><li><a href="Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li>

<li><a href="Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li>

<li><a href="Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li>

<li><a href="Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li>

<li><a href="Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li>

<li><a href="Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li>

<li><a href="Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li>

<li><a href="Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li>

<li><a href="Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li>

<li><a href="Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a>

<ul><li><a href="Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li>

<li><a href="Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li>

<li><a href="Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li>

<li><a href="Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a>

<ul><li><a href="Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li>

<li><a href="Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a>

<li><a href="Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a>

<ul><li><a href="Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Other_claims" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Bagby's moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiron_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chiron (hypothetical moon)">Chiron</a></li>

<li><a href="Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">Chrysalis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Giant" title="Fifth Giant">Fifth Giant</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperion_(hypothetical_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperion (hypothetical planet)">Hyperion</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion%2C_astrology%2C_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypothetical_moon_of_Mercury" title="Hypothetical moon of Mercury">Mercury's moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith</a></li>

<li><a href="Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru</a></li>

<li><a href="Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Petit's_moon" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Petit's moon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li>

<li><a href="Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Effects_of_Planet_Nine_on_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Effects of Planet Nine on trans-Neptunian objects">Effects</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planets_beyond_Neptune#Kuiper_cliff_and_"Planet_Ten"" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet Ten</a></li>

<li><a href="Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li>

<li><a href="Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li>

<li><a href="Synestia#Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Synestia">Synestia</a></li>

<li><a href="Theia_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Theia (hypothetical planet)">Theia</a></li>

<li><a href="Themis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Themis (hypothetical moon)">Themis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Waltemath's_moons" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Waltemath's moons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ring_system#Ring_systems_of_planets" title="Ring system">Planetary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li>

<li><a href="Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ring_system#Rings_systems_of_minor_planets_and_moons" title="Ring system">Minor objects'</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li>

<li><a href="2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li>

<li><a href="Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a>, contents, and <a href="History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li>

<li><a href="Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li>

<li><a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a>

<ul><li><a href="Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses#Capture_hypothesis" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">Capture theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capture_of_Triton" title="Capture of Triton">Capture of Triton</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li>

<li><a href="Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li>

<li><a href="Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">Co-orbital configuration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan moons</a></li>

<li><a href="Co-orbital_configuration#Co-orbital_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Co-orbital moons</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_giant#Disk_instability" title="Ice giant">Disk instability</a></li>

<li><a href="Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li>

<li><a href="Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Curation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li>

<li><a href="Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_tack_hypothesis" title="Grand tack hypothesis">Grand tack hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li>

<li><a href="Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li>

<li><a href="Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li>

<li><a href="Kordylewski_cloud" title="Kordylewski cloud">Kordylewski cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li>

<li><a href="Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nice_2_model" title="Nice 2 model">Nice 2 model</a></li>

<li><a href="Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Five-planet Nice model</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li>

<li><a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li>

<li><a href="Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li>

<li><a href="Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li>

<li><a href="Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li>

<li><a href="4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li>

<li><a href="2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li>

<li><a href="10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li>

<li><a href="Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li>

<li><a href="Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li>

<li><a href="Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li>

<li><a href="Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a>

<ul><li><a href="Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li>

<li><a href="Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li>

<li>Planetary orbit-crossers

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a>

<ul><li><a href="2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="2019_UO14" title="2019 UO14">Saturn</a></li>

<li><a href="Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li>

<li><a href="Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a>

<li><a href="Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>

<ul><li><a href="Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li>

<li><a href="Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li>

<li><a href="Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li>

<li><a href="Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li>

<li><a href="Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ASolar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AAstronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AEarth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul>

→ <a href="Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Location_of_Earth255" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Location_of_Earth255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Included</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> →  → <a href="Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cosmic_View" title="Cosmic View">Cosmic View (1957 book)</a></li>

<li><a href="To_the_Moon_and_Beyond" title="To the Moon and Beyond">To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_Zoom" title="Cosmic Zoom">Cosmic Zoom (1968 film)</a></li>

<li><a href="Powers_of_Ten_(film_series)" title="Powers of Ten (film series)">Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_Voyage_(1996_film)" title="Cosmic Voyage (1996 film)">Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_Eye" title="Cosmic Eye">Cosmic Eye (2012)</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_of_the_universe" title="Center of the universe">Center of the universe</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">Order of magnitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Pisces%E2%80%93Cetus_Supercluster_Complex" title="Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex">Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AAstronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ASpace" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Space">Space portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astronomy559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Astronomy559" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_astronomy" title="Outline of astronomy">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_astronomy" title="Timeline of astronomy">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Astronomer" title="Astronomer">Astronomer</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_symbols" title="Astronomical symbols">Astronomical symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">Astronomical object</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_topics_in_space" title="List of topics in space">... in space</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Astronomy by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">Amateur</a></li>

<li><a href="Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">Observational</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidewalk_astronomy" title="Sidewalk astronomy">Sidewalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Celestial subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic</a> / <a href="Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Sun" title="Sun">Solar</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">EM methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared</a> (<a href="Far-infrared_astronomy" title="Far-infrared astronomy">Far-infrared</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Visible-light (optical)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_X-ray_astronomy" title="History of X-ray astronomy">History</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neutrino_astronomy" title="Neutrino astronomy">Neutrino</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_ray_astronomy" title="Cosmic ray astronomy">Cosmic rays</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">Gravitational radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Radar_astronomy" title="Radar astronomy">Radar</a></li>

<li><a href="Spherical_astronomy" title="Spherical astronomy">Spherical</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-messenger_astronomy" title="Multi-messenger astronomy">Multi-messenger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuit_astronomy" title="Inuit astronomy">Inuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomy_in_Serbia" title="Astronomy in Serbia">Serbian</a>

<li><a href="Tibetan_astronomy" title="Tibetan astronomy">Tibetan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical telescopes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Category</li>

<li><a href="Extremely_large_telescope" title="Extremely large telescope">Extremely large telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Extremely_Large_Telescope" title="Extremely Large Telescope">Extremely Large Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a></li>

<li><a href="Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_African_Large_Telescope" title="Southern African Large Telescope">Southern African Large Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Astroinformatics" title="Astroinformatics">Astroinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy">Astrology and astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Astronomers Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Astroparticle_physics" title="Astroparticle physics">Astroparticle physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrotourism" title="Astrotourism">Astrotourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Binoculars" title="Binoculars">Binoculars</a></li>

<li><a href="Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a>

<li><a href="Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li>

<li><a href="Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">Photometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetarium" title="Planetarium">Planetarium</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_cosmology" title="Quantum cosmology">Quantum cosmology</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_astronomers" title="List of astronomers">List of astronomers</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_French_astronomers" title="List of French astronomers">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Notable_astronomers" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Russian_astronomers_and_astrophysicists" title="List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_women_astronomers" title="List of women astronomers">Women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescope</a>

<ul><li><a href="X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_telescope" title="History of the telescope">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_telescopes" title="Lists of telescopes">lists</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astronomy" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Astronomy">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="_Celestial_objects_within_10_light-years_→163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="_Celestial_objects_within_10_light-years_→163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">    Celestial objects within 10 light-years →</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Primary_member_type175" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:17em"><abbr title="Primary member of a system is the brightest one (and, in most cases, also the most massive one).">Primary</abbr> member <a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><div id="Celestial_objects_by_systems.29">Celestial objects by systems.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Main-sequencestars42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main-sequence stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.85em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A-type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris)</a> (8.7094±0.0054 ly)</li>

<li>white dwarf B</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.85em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Alpha Centauri

<ul><li><a href="Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">α Cen (Rigil Kentaurus)</a> (4.3441±0.0022 ly)</li></ul></li>

<li>K-type main-sequence star B (Toliman)</li>

<li>red dwarf <a href="Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">C (Proxima Centauri)</a> (4.2465 ± 0.0003 ly)</li>

<li>2 (5?) planets: <a href="Alpha_Centauri_Ab" title="Alpha Centauri Ab">Ab</a>?; Bc?; <a href="Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Cb</a>, <a href="Proxima_Centauri_c" title="Proxima Centauri c">Cc</a>?, <a href="Proxima_Centauri_d" title="Proxima Centauri d">Cd</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.85em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M-type (red dwarfs)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barnard's_Star" title="Barnard's Star">Barnard's Star</a> (5.9629±0.0004 ly)</li>

<li>4 planets: <a href="Barnard's_Star_b" title="Barnard's Star b">b</a>, c, d, e</li>

<li>1? planets: b?</li>

<li><a href="Lalande_21185" title="Lalande 21185">Lalande 21185</a> (8.3044±0.0007 ly)</li>

<li>2 (3?) planets: b, d?, c</li>

<li><a href="Gliese_65" title="Gliese 65">Gliese 65 A (BL Ceti)</a> (8.724±0.012 ly)</li>

<li>red dwarf B (UV Ceti)</li>

<li>1? planets: b?</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brown_dwarfs16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L-type117" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.85em"><a href="Brown_dwarf#Spectral_class_L" title="Brown dwarf">L-type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luhman_16" title="Luhman 16">Luhman 16</a> (6.5029±0.0011 ly)</li>

<li>T-type brown dwarf B</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sub-brown_dwarfsand_rogue_planets46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:0.7em;"><a href="Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub-brown dwarfs</a> and <a href="Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">rogue planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Y-type6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.85em">Y-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stars520" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Stars520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li>

<li><a href="T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li>

<li><a href="Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li>

<li><a href="Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a>

<li><a href="Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula" title="Wolf–Rayet nebula">Wolf–Rayet nebula</a></li>

<li><a href="Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li>

<li><a href="Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li>

<li><a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li>

<li>Main sequence

<li><a href="Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a>

<li><a href="Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li>

<li><a href="Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a>

<li><a href="Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li>

<li><a href="Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a>

<li><a href="Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a>

<li><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a>

<li><a href="Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li>

<li><a href="Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li>

<li><a href="Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li>

<li><a href="IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li>

<li><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a>

<ul><li><a href="Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a>

<ul><li><a href="Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li>

<li><a href="X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a>

<ul><li><a href="X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li>

<li><a href="Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li>

<li><a href="Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li>

<li><a href="Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li>

<li><a href="Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li>

<li><a href="Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li>

<li>Black hole star

<ul><li><a href="Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li>

<li>Hawking</li>

<li><a href="Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li>

<li><a href="Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li>

<li><a href="Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li>

<li><a href="White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li>

<li><a href="CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li>

<li><a href="Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li>

<li><a href="S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li>

<li><a href="R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li>

<li><a href="P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a>

<ul><li><a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li>

<li><a href="Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gravity_darkening" title="Gravity darkening">Gravity darkening</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li>

<li><a href="Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li>

<li><a href="Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a>

<li><a href="Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li>

<li><a href="Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li>

<li><a href="Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li>

<li><a href="Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li>

<li><a href="Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_stars" title="List of largest stars">Largest volume</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_distant_stars" title="List of most distant stars">Most distant</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li>

<li><a href="Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">Neutron star merger</a></li>

<li><a href="Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_engulfment" title="Stellar engulfment">Stellar engulfment</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3AStars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System_models62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Solar_System_models62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">Astronomical clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Orrery" title="Orrery">Orrery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eise_Eisinga_Planetarium" title="Eise Eisinga Planetarium">Eise Eisinga Planetarium</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tellurion" title="Tellurion">Tellurion</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akaa_Solar_System_Scale_Model" title="Akaa Solar System Scale Model">Akaa Solar System Scale Model</a> (Akaa, Finland)</li>

<li><a href="Gravity_Discovery_Centre" title="Gravity Discovery Centre">Gravity Discovery Centre</a> (Gingin, Australia)</li>

<li><a href="Kystagerparken" title="Kystagerparken">Kystagerparken</a> (Hvidovre, Denmark)</li>

<li><a href="Monument_to_the_Sun" title="Monument to the Sun">Monument to the Sun</a> (Zadar, Croatia)</li>

<li><a href="Nine_Views" title="Nine Views">Nine Views</a> (Zagreb, Croatia)</li>

<li><a href="Pajam%C3%A4ki_Solar_System_Scale_Model" title="Pajamäki Solar System Scale Model">Pajamäki Solar System Scale Model</a> (Helsinki and Espoo, Finland)</li>

<li><a href="Planet_Lofoten" title="Planet Lofoten">Planet Lofoten</a> (Lofoten, Norway)</li>

<li><a href="Sagan_Planet_Walk" title="Sagan Planet Walk">Sagan Planet Walk</a> (Ithaca, New York)</li>

<li><a href="Somerset_Space_Walk" title="Somerset Space Walk">Somerset Space Walk</a> (Somerset, England)</li>

<li><a href="Sweden_Solar_System" title="Sweden Solar System">Sweden Solar System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Kirkhill_Astronomical_Pillar" title="Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar">Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">Historical models of the Solar System</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_model_of_the_Solar_System" title="Numerical model of the Solar System">Numerical model of the Solar System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1244288">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1236963989">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85124544">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119377185">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119377185">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572587">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125704&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX456635">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007555793205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642820">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/0aa0ff25-0d64-43e3-aaa4-ec4db7fce287">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Solar_System&oldid=1304106522">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>